On this day, 124 years ago, on January 22, 1901 (December 3, 1900, the lunar calendar), Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom passed away. Queen Victoria (May 24, 1819-January 22, 1901), full name Alexandrina Victoria, was by far the longest-reigning monarch in the United Kingdom and the longest-reigning female monarch in world history. She was the first British monarch to be called "Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" and "Queen of India"(reigned 1876-1901). The more than 63 years of her reign (June 20, 1837-January 22, 1901) were Britain's most powerful "Empire that never sets the sun." During her reign until her death, to the beginning of World War I. In 1914, Britain was called the "Victoria Era." After 1914, the era of the peak of British national strength gradually came to an end. She has been in power for 64 years and was 82 years old. During her reign, it was the heyday of the Empire that never sets the sun as a conqueror. The territory she ruled reached more than 33 million square kilometers on five continents of the world. In addition to her own land, there are also Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Malaysia, as well as more than ten countries in Africa such as Egypt and South Africa, some small countries in Latin America, and islands all over the oceans, etc. It is the largest empire in world history. Many rivers, lakes, deserts, squares, cities, etc. in the world are named after "Victoria". Her name almost became a symbol of the British Empire in the 19th century. Her nine children were all married to the royal families of European countries. When she was alive, the children of 37 great-grandchildren were spread across European countries. The royal families of almost every European country had her blood. She was also honored as the "European grandmother". During her tenure, the only rights granted to her by the Constitution were consultation, encouragement, and warning. She was gradually losing influence on government candidates. In the later period, she lived in seclusion, and her political energy was mainly reflected in participating in celebrations. The British Empire is extremely powerful, but everything about it is like goods in a supermarket locker to her liking, but she cannot use it. She is Queen Victoria, a Victoria who is extremely beautiful and respected, but whose actual political influence is limited. On June 20, 1837, King William IV of England died of illness. Among the large number of grandchildren left behind by his father, George III, only Victoria was born of legal marriage. So 18-year-old Princess Victoria woke up that day and was told that she had become the Queen of England. Victoria, who lost her father at the age of 1, lived in the wings of her mother, the Duchess of Kent. She was very troubled by her mother's conflict with other royal members. After taking the throne, she decisively moved her bed out of her mother's bedroom and expelled her mother's lover Conroy. This was a brand new beginning for her. But Victoria, who had just ascended the throne, quickly showed her political immaturity, and she quickly fell into entanglement with Parliament. In the early days of his term, Melbourne, the prime minister of the ruling Whig Party, had a great influence on Victoria, making the Queen obey his orders and become a supporter of the Whig Party. Even the maid beside the Queen were appointed by Melbourne, which violated the principle of constitutional monarchy that the King should not be biased in party disputes. In 1839, the Whig Party lost in the parliamentary election and Melbourne stepped down. Peel of the Tory Party proposed to form a cabinet on the condition of eliminating the Whig waitresses around the Queen, which was firmly opposed by the Queen. This is the so-called "bedroom crisis". As a result, Peel refused to form a cabinet, and the Queen invited Melbourne to continue to serve as prime minister. In 1839, Victoria used her huge empire as a dowry to marry Albert, her cousin from the small German state of Saxony Coburg Gotha. This was obviously a happy marriage. Albert solved a major problem when he first arrived. After negotiation, he reached a compromise with Peel of the Tory Party, replacing half of the Queen's maids and sending them to the Tory Party. This seemed to mean the defeat of the Crown over Parliament, but since then there has been no open conflict between Victoria and Parliament. On the other hand, Albert gradually became the ruler of Victoria politically. Victoria enjoyed the honor of a king, but gradually ceded the functions of king to her husband. The Queen and his wife still interfere in government affairs in various forms, such as reviewing and revising government documents, interfering in the selection of certain ministers, etc. For example, they once exerted pressure on Prime Minister Russell to replace the unpopular Foreign Secretary Palmerston. During the Victoria era, Britain's major military actions included: the two Opium Wars with China in 1840-1842 and 1856-1860, the Crimean War with Russia in 1853-1856, and the suppression of the Indian National Uprising in 1857-1859. The British Empire achieved complete victories without exception. Since 1876, Britain has joined the craze of major powers to carve up Africa. It has fought wars with the Egyptians, the Sudanese, the Ashanti in West Africa, the Zulu and Boer people in South Africa. After bloody battles, Britain has looted more than 8 million square kilometers of colonies in Africa. It is worth mentioning that the United Kingdom gradually squeezed out French power in Egypt and monopolized this intercontinental strategic place. In 1876, it took advantage of Egypt's financial crisis to purchase the Suez Canal. Prime Minister Disraeli won the Queen's praise. During the Victoria era, the biggest changes in Britain were in three aspects. First, as mentioned above, the scope of colonies continued to expand. New colonies included Myanmar and Malaya in Asia, and Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe, etc. in Africa. The control of original colonies such as India was also strengthened, making the "Empire of the Sun never sets" worthy of its name; Second, under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution, new things continued to emerge, telephones, telegrams, cameras, cars, movies, etc. began to be widely used, and social life changed with each passing day; third, through the three parliamentary reforms in 1832, 1867, and 1884, parliamentary democracy became more complete and the range of voters with the right to vote continued to expand. This is an era when flowers are blooming and oil is cooked on fire. At the grand World Exposition in 1851, Victoria felt extremely happy and proud of this "the most magnificent, stately and thrilling sight ever seen." However, for Victoria, all happiness and happiness became a thing of the past in 1861. This year, the disease claimed the lives of her mother and her husband. Especially after Albert died of typhoid fever, Victoria always wore widow clothes and once lived a secluded life. It was not until public opinion protested that Victoria gradually increased her public appearances. But from then on, Victoria's influence on politics has been greatly reduced. In the late Victoria era, Prime Minister Disraeli had a greater influence on the Queen. Through his efforts, in 1877, the crown of "Queen of India" was added to Victoria, and Victoria became the first British king to win the title of Emperor. Disraeli also gave Victoria the beautiful title of the Fairy King. Victoria's honor in her later years was mainly decorated by celebrations one after another. The celebrations of her 50th and 60th anniversary of her accession to the throne were all amazing with grand scenes. During the 1897 celebration parade, people cheering her on both sides lined up six miles long. Queen Victoria's impact on the world was something she did not expect. She is a carrier of hemophilia (a hereditary disease that causes patients to have frequent severe bleeding) and passed on the gene of this fatal disease to her children. As her descendants extensively intermarried with royal families in European countries, the hemophilia gene was also spread to the royal families of European countries, including the Russian and Spanish royal families. Some commentators believe that hemophilia has become a "royal disease" in Europe and one of the auxiliary factors leading to the decline of European monarchies. The British Empire in the Victoria era was extremely powerful. In order to open the door to China, Britain launched two Opium Wars against China also occurred in this era. But she herself seems to have little to do with all this. How to evaluate the historical influence of a rich and honorable emperor like her? I believe that the 19th century was an era of high levels of liberalism and nationalism in Europe and drastic changes in social politics. Compared with the frequent changes of regimes in countries on the European continent, the political situation in Britain was relatively stable. This is related to Victoria's long-term and stable rule as a symbol of British national unity. If it were not Victoria, but a figure similar to Napoleon III or Nicholas II, the political situation in Britain might be very different. In addition, Victoria also had an important influence on the transformation of the British monarchy. During her rule, the kingship further declined, but her honesty and sense of responsibility made the monarchy respectable, which virtually extended the vitality of the British monarchy. Queen Victoria ranks 72nd in this ranking (http://www.Lssdjt.com/a/cailiao/100imperior.htm).