Charles I (November 19, 1600-January 30, 1649), the second son of James I, became Crown Prince after the death of his brother Henry, Prince of Wales in 1612. In 1625, he ascended the throne as King of Britain, known as Charles I, and married Princess Henrietta Maria, sister of King Louis XIII of France. In June 1625, the first parliament was convened. Due to Parliament's dissatisfaction with the autocracy of its favorite Duke of Buckingham and the defeat of the Spanish War, it refused the privilege of levying tariffs on the king, forming a confrontation between Parliament and the king. In February 1626, the second parliament was convened. Parliament impeached the Duke of Buckingham for losing the Spanish War, but was rejected. In June, Parliament was dissolved. During this period, Charles levied taxes arbitrarily without the consent of Parliament, and the army also entered private houses at will, causing widespread public resentment. In 1628, Congress filed a petition for rights, asking the king to improve, and Charles signed it to seek Parliament's consent to tax. In 1629, Charles violated the provisions of the petition and sent people to arrest radical members of Parliament, and then dissolved the National Parliament. In the following 11 years, no Parliament was convened again, known as the 11 years of "cruel rule." In April 1640, Parliament was convened to resolve the issue of military spending in the War against Scotland, but was dissolved because it refused to reopen the war, and was called the "Short Parliament." In November, Parliament was convened again, known as the "Long-term Parliament," but still refused to cooperate with the king. As Parliament forcibly arrested the king's favorite, the Earl of Stratford, and planned to control the army that should be controlled by the king. Charles I arrested five members of parliament for treason and personally led his guards to Parliament to arrest them without success. The incident marked the break between the king and Parliament and became the trigger of the British Civil War. The news that Charles I had gone to Parliament to arrest people angered the people of London. The citizens of London took control of London, and the king was forced to flee north to York on January 10, 1642 and gather forces to defend the king. In June, 19 suggestions from MPs were rejected; on August 22, the royal flag was raised in Nottingham and civil war broke out. In 1644, when the Scots entered the war and attacked the King's Army, they were forced to give up attacking London. On June 14, 1645, the New Model Army, with Sir Fairfax and Cromwell as their commanders and deputy, defeated the King's Army at the Battle of Nasby. In the spring of 1646, parliamentary troops besieged Oxford, the king's army surrendered, Charles I escaped in disguise, and the first civil war ended. On May 5, he was dispatched by the Scottish Oath to sell it to Parliament and later escaped. A second civil war was launched with the support of the Scots. In 1648, the Scottish Army was defeated by the Parliament Army, and the Second Civil War ended and Charles I was captured. The queen fled to France to seek aid, but was snubbed by the ruling French Prime Minister Cardinal Mazaram. In January 1649, the trial of Charles I began in a special court. On the 27th, 59 of the 135 members of the special court signed an order issued by Cromwell to execute the king. The charge was to betray his country and his people.

Comment: The King of England who was sent to the guillotine.