Eighty years ago today, July 28, 1945 (June 20, 1945 in the lunar calendar), what was the binding force of the Potsdam Proclamation on Japan? Potsdam Proclamation On July 28, 1945, the Japanese government rejected the Potsdam Proclamation. On July 28, the Japanese government refused to accept the Potsdam Proclamation and vowed that the military would conduct "land special attack operations" on the mainland and fight to the last person. On the same day, U.S. President Truman learned the news from the radio. In order to force Japan to surrender quickly, on August 9, 1945, the U.S. Air Force dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan, and the mushroom cloud soared into the sky. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese government notified the governments of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China, announcing their acceptance of the Potsdam Proclamation; the next day, on August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito of Japan officially announced Japan's unconditional surrender in the form of broadcasting the "Armistice Edict." This marked the overall victory of the China People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. The 74 years since the Potsdam Proclamation was held, time flies. Today, this is regarded as an important basic document constituting the post-war international order, but it has been challenged by Japan's right-wing forces. The Japanese authorities 'attempt to deny the history of aggression, amend the pacifist constitution, and lift the ban on collective self-defense is a blatant contempt for the international legal documents represented by the Potsdam Proclamation. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, re-examining the spirit of the announcement is of great practical significance for better maintaining peace and stability in East Asia. The international community should urge Japan to earnestly abide by the Potsdam Proclamation and prevent the resurgence of Japanese militarism. An international treaty paid for at the cost of life. In September 1939, the second global war broke out with the Axis powers such as Germany, Italy, and Japan on one side, and the anti-fascist alliance and anti-fascist forces around the world on the other. From Europe to Asia, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, 61 countries and regions with more than 2 billion people have been involved in wars, with a combat area of 22 million square kilometers. According to incomplete statistics, more than 90 million military and civilians were killed and injured during the war, and more than 4 trillion US dollars were wasted. In this protracted war, the Japanese fascists expanded comprehensively to the outside world. In 1931, the Japanese invaders brazenly launched the "September 18th Incident", completely occupied northeastern China and established the Puppet Manchukuo. On July 7, 1937, the Japanese army provoked the Lugou Bridge Incident near Peiping. From then on, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in an all-round way. China entered a national all-out war to resist Japanese aggression. On December 7, 1941, after Japan launched the Pacific War, the Roosevelt administration of the United States officially declared war on Japan, and the China battlefield became one of the main battlefields of World War II. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally, the European War ended, and the World Anti-Fascist War entered its final stage. The Allied Forces launched counterattacks on the Japanese army on various battlefields on the Asian continent, and the Japanese army was about to completely collapse. On July 17, 1945, representatives of the United States, Britain and China held a meeting in Potsdam, southwest of Berlin, to urge Japan to surrender. During the meeting, U.S. President Truman and British Prime Minister Churchill negotiated and revised the memorandum urging Japan to surrender unconditionally. After requesting Chiang Kai-shek to sign it, they adopted a document signed by representatives of the United States, Britain and China aimed at building a post-war international order and establishing a basic and important document for peace, stability and development in Asia-the Potsdam Proclamation. There are 13 articles in the announcement, of which Article 8 clearly stipulates: "The conditions of the Cairo Declaration will be implemented, and Japan's sovereignty will be limited to Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and other small islands determined by us." "" The great victory of the Anti-Japanese War completely washed away the national shame of China's repeated defeats in fighting foreign aggression in modern times, and opened up a bright future for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This is a great contribution made by the China people to the victory of the world anti-fascist war. Zhao Jianwen, a researcher at the Institute of International Law of the China Academy of Social Sciences, said in an interview with reporters that the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation, as important international legal documents determining the post-war international order, ended Japan's illegal possession of China territory, including the Diaoyu Islands and its affiliated islands, is an international treaty paid for by the world's anti-fascist struggle, including the China people. Zhao Jianwen said that when reviewing the Potsdam Proclamation today, people can still feel the preciousness and importance of this international law document. China-Japan relations are based on important legal documents such as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation. To deny these important documents is to deny the basis of the four political documents on Sino-Japanese relations. Why was the Potsdam Proclamation ignored by the Japanese government? For some time, the Japanese government has ignored the relevant spirit of the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and important documents between China and Japan, and attempted to permanently occupy China's territory, Diaoyu Islands and its affiliated islands, which are clearly stipulated in two international legal documents that should be returned. During the party leader debate in Japan's parliament in May this year, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe claimed that he had not read the Potsdam Proclamation carefully and refused to acknowledge the document's characterization of Japan's war of aggression. The Abe government has blatantly challenged the post-war order established by legal documents such as the Potsdam Proclamation, which has aroused strong concern and dissatisfaction from international public opinion, including Japan. Jin Yilin, deputy director of the Institute of Modern History of China Academy of Social Sciences, told reporters that some right-wing remarks in Japan are "rumors" that are completely unconvincing and have no historical knowledge. "Whether it is the" Book of Surrender "signed by Japan at the end of the war in 1945 or the" China-Japan Joint Statement "signed when China and Japan established diplomatic relations in 1972, it is clear that the Japanese government accepted the Potsdam Proclamation. This is beyond doubt. The so-called non-binding nature of Japanese right-wing politicians does not exist at all." "In the final analysis, we cannot face history squarely. "Lu Yaodong, a researcher at the Institute of Japan Studies at China Academy of Social Sciences, told reporters that Japan's domestic trend of amending the pacifist constitution, lifting the ban on collective self-defense rights through constitutional interpretation, and introducing relevant security supporting bills, is intended to relax exports of weapons, expand defense forces and send troops overseas. "Permanently eliminating militarism and establishing a peace-loving government is one of the important contents of the Potsdam Proclamation. What the Abe regime did was exactly contrary to the relevant provisions of the Potsdam Declaration. Therefore, Japanese politicians turned a blind eye to the Potsdam Declaration and avoided talking about it." Lu Yaodong said. The spirit of international law is an important norm that the international community should adhere to. As a sovereign country, is Japan not bound by international law? The reporter reviewed some books on international law and found that although the definitions and concepts of international law are different, after comparison, it can be found that they all emphasize "inter-state" and "binding force", that is, international law is formed in international exchanges., mainly adjusting relations between countries, the overall body of legally binding principles, rules and systems. The social relations regulated and adjusted by international law are mainly the relations between sovereign states. All sovereign states in the world should be bound by international law in the process of their mutual interactions, otherwise they should bear corresponding consequences. Wang Shan, a researcher at the Japan Institute of China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, said that Japan unconditionally accepted the Potsdam Proclamation, which accelerated the surrender process of Japanese militarism and established post-war order. It is an important international legal document that Japan must abide by. As an expert in international law, Zhao Jianwen told reporters that from the perspective of international law, the Potsdam Proclamation laid the legal foundation for the post-war international order. This illustrates this point from the consistency of the Potsdam Proclamation with the United Nations Charter. Zhao Jianwen said that in international law, declarations, announcements, communiqués, protocols, and press communiqués are all regarded as international treaties. According to Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: "A treaty refers to an international written agreement concluded between States and governed by international law, whether it is contained in a single instrument or more than two mutually related instruments, and regardless of its specific name." The second paragraph of Article 98 of the Constitution of Japan also clearly stipulates: "Treaties concluded by Japan and established international regulations must be observed honestly. Wang Shan said that relations between East Asian countries are currently in turmoil. One of the most important reasons is that Japan has not strictly abide by the principles and spirit of the announcement and attempts to reverse the verdict on its history of aggression. The Abe regime beautifies militarism by visiting the Yasukuni Shrine. Ultra-nationalist forces attempt to resurrect Japanese militarism, seriously challenging the internationally recognized political and legal order, and endangering regional peace and security. Lu Yaodong said that with the passage of time and the lack of historical awareness, the post-war order established by the Potsdam Proclamation is being ignored in Japan, and some Japanese right-wing forces have always tried to weaken or even erase the role and influence of the Proclamation. "As a major allied force in the Eastern Battlefield at that time, the United States should shoulder its historical responsibilities, especially safeguarding the justice of the Potsdam Proclamation and urging Japan to abide by the Potsdam Proclamation. The international community has the responsibility and obligation to use the decisions of the Potsdam Proclamation to restrict and regulate Japan's behavior and tighten and prevent Japan from sliding to the right." Zhao Jianwen pointed out that international law is a general legal principle recognized by all countries, and abiding by international law means that the country enjoys rights and assumes corresponding obligations. Violating international law will seriously reduce a country's credibility in the international arena. When interests are directly infringed, states can seek remedies in international law. On the other hand, international law requires that a state has the right to take necessary actions to stop the infringement regardless of whether it is directly injured, and requires the injuring state to assume international responsibility, stop the infringement, and eliminate the consequences of the infringement. Zhou Yongsheng, deputy director of the Center for Japanese Studies at the School of Foreign Affairs, said that in jointly maintaining post-war order, on the one hand, China and South Korea and other victims of World War II should join hands to demand that Japan face history and faithfully fulfill the political commitments it made to the international community at the end of the war. On the other hand, the United States, Britain and all countries that participated in shaping the international order after World War II should stick to their positions responsibly. Zhao Jianwen said,"The international order cannot be forgotten, and the Abe regime's right-wing remarks and lifting the ban on collective self-defense rights cannot be allowed to overturn the achievements of the victory of World War II. China was the biggest victim of Japan's war of aggression and naturally safeguarded the legitimacy and historical status of the Potsdam Proclamation and the Cairo Declaration. If Japan puts down its historical burden and never evades its war responsibilities. Not only does it not overturn the verdict of war criminals, it also treats its words and deeds as criminal crimes, there is no need for us to raise historical issues every day. If Japan does not recognize historical responsibilities and pay homage to war criminals every day, we really need to take them seriously." Only by facing history can we improve Sino-Japanese relations. China and Japan face each other across the sea. Since ancient times, China has been the object of Japan's learning, but it is also the target of Japan's covet. After entering modern times, Japan, which has a smoother path to modernization, launched a war of aggression that spanned decades and owed numerous blood debts. Japan's erroneous understanding of historical and territorial issues is the biggest obstacle between China and Japan. In 2012, the Japanese government illegally "nationalized" the Diaoyu Islands, infringing on China's territorial sovereignty and violating the relevant provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, resulting in severe turmoil in Sino-Japanese relations. The top Japanese government headed by Abe has reversed the situation on historical issues, especially the visit to the Yasukuni Shrine, which has made Sino-Japanese relations even worse. In the four political documents signed between China and Japan from 1972 to 2008, Japan expressed its commitment to facing history and reflecting on its war of aggression. In 1995, Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama issued a speech expressing "profound reflection and sincere apology" for the history of aggression. Since then, successive cabinets have inherited this solemn statement and apology. However, in recent years, some historical revisionist words and deeds have appeared in Japan, which are contrary to the spirit of the Potsdam Proclamation, the four political documents of China and Japan, and the Murayama talks. "In November last year, China and Japan reached a four-point principled consensus and agreed to overcome political obstacles to bilateral relations in the spirit of facing history and facing the future. However, the reality is that Japan still has some words and deeds that contradict it on historical issues, which is not conducive to the development of relations between the two countries. Whether the Japanese government can send positive messages on historical issues is the key to improving Sino-Japanese relations." Lu Yaodong said. Gao Hong, deputy director of the Institute of Japan Studies at China Academy of Social Sciences, said that if historical issues can be properly handled, this 70 years after the war will become an opportunity for Japan to win forgiveness from the international community; if it fails to seize this opportunity or even reverses history, Japan will pay a higher political price for this. The Potsdam Proclamation is the foundation of Japan's relations with the world and the bottom line of Sino-Japanese relations. All countries in the world have the responsibility and obligation to uphold and support implementation. Especially when some people try to "forget" and "tamper with" its essential meaning, it is even more necessary for the international community to work together to make the spirit of the announcement a world consensus, which is the best commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the victory of the anti-fascist war. What is the binding force of the Potsdam Proclamation on Japan?Eighty years ago today, July 28, 1945 (June 20, 1945 in the lunar calendar), what was the binding force of the Potsdam Proclamation on Japan? Potsdam Proclamation On July 28, 1945, the Japanese government rejected the Potsdam Proclamation. On July 28, the Japanese government refused to accept the Potsdam Proclamation and vowed that the military would conduct "land special attack operations" on the mainland and fight to the last person. On the same day, U.S. President Truman learned the news from the radio. In order to force Japan to surrender quickly, on August 9, 1945, the U.S. Air Force dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan, and the mushroom cloud soared into the sky. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese government notified the governments of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China, announcing their acceptance of the Potsdam Proclamation; the next day, on August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito of Japan officially announced Japan's unconditional surrender in the form of broadcasting the "Armistice Edict." This marked the overall victory of the China People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. The 74 years since the Potsdam Proclamation was held, time flies. Today, this is regarded as an important basic document constituting the post-war international order, but it has been challenged by Japan's right-wing forces. The Japanese authorities 'attempt to deny the history of aggression, amend the pacifist constitution, and lift the ban on collective self-defense is a blatant contempt for the international legal documents represented by the Potsdam Proclamation. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, re-examining the spirit of the announcement is of great practical significance for better maintaining peace and stability in East Asia. The international community should urge Japan to earnestly abide by the Potsdam Proclamation and prevent the resurgence of Japanese militarism. An international treaty paid for at the cost of life. In September 1939, the second global war broke out with the Axis powers such as Germany, Italy, and Japan on one side, and the anti-fascist alliance and anti-fascist forces around the world on the other. From Europe to Asia, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, 61 countries and regions with more than 2 billion people have been involved in wars, with a combat area of 22 million square kilometers. According to incomplete statistics, more than 90 million military and civilians were killed and injured during the war, and more than 4 trillion US dollars were wasted. In this protracted war, the Japanese fascists expanded comprehensively to the outside world. In 1931, the Japanese invaders brazenly launched the "September 18th Incident", completely occupied northeastern China and established the Puppet Manchukuo. On July 7, 1937, the Japanese army provoked the Lugou Bridge Incident near Peiping. From then on, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in an all-round way. China entered a national all-out war to resist Japanese aggression. On December 7, 1941, after Japan launched the Pacific War, the Roosevelt administration of the United States officially declared war on Japan, and the China battlefield became one of the main battlefields of World War II. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally, the European War ended, and the World Anti-Fascist War entered its final stage. The Allied Forces launched counterattacks on the Japanese army on various battlefields on the Asian continent, and the Japanese army was about to completely collapse. On July 17, 1945, representatives of the United States, Britain and China held a meeting in Potsdam, southwest of Berlin, to urge Japan to surrender. During the meeting, U.S. President Truman and British Prime Minister Churchill negotiated and revised the memorandum urging Japan to surrender unconditionally. After requesting Chiang Kai-shek to sign it, they adopted a document signed by representatives of the United States, Britain and China aimed at building a post-war international order and establishing a basic and important document for peace, stability and development in Asia-the Potsdam Proclamation. There are 13 articles in the announcement, of which Article 8 clearly stipulates: "The conditions of the Cairo Declaration will be implemented, and Japan's sovereignty will be limited to Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and other small islands determined by us." "" The great victory of the Anti-Japanese War completely washed away the national shame of China's repeated defeats in fighting foreign aggression in modern times, and opened up a bright future for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This is a great contribution made by the China people to the victory of the world anti-fascist war. Zhao Jianwen, a researcher at the Institute of International Law of the China Academy of Social Sciences, said in an interview with reporters that the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation, as important international legal documents determining the post-war international order, ended Japan's illegal possession of China territory, including the Diaoyu Islands and its affiliated islands, is an international treaty paid for by the world's anti-fascist struggle, including the China people. Zhao Jianwen said that when reviewing the Potsdam Proclamation today, people can still feel the preciousness and importance of this international law document. China-Japan relations are based on important legal documents such as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation. To deny these important documents is to deny the basis of the four political documents on Sino-Japanese relations. Why was the Potsdam Proclamation ignored by the Japanese government? For some time, the Japanese government has ignored the relevant spirit of the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation and important documents between China and Japan, and attempted to permanently occupy China's territory, Diaoyu Islands and its affiliated islands, which are clearly stipulated in two international legal documents that should be returned. During the party leader debate in Japan's parliament in May this year, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe claimed that he had not read the Potsdam Proclamation carefully and refused to acknowledge the document's characterization of Japan's war of aggression. The Abe government has blatantly challenged the post-war order established by legal documents such as the Potsdam Proclamation, which has aroused strong concern and dissatisfaction from international public opinion, including Japan. Jin Yilin, deputy director of the Institute of Modern History of China Academy of Social Sciences, told reporters that some right-wing remarks in Japan are "rumors" that are completely unconvincing and have no historical knowledge. "Whether it is the" Book of Surrender "signed by Japan at the end of the war in 1945 or the" China-Japan Joint Statement "signed when China and Japan established diplomatic relations in 1972, it is clear that the Japanese government accepted the Potsdam Proclamation. This is beyond doubt. The so-called non-binding nature of Japanese right-wing politicians does not exist at all." "In the final analysis, we cannot face history squarely. "Lu Yaodong, a researcher at the Institute of Japan Studies at China Academy of Social Sciences, told reporters that Japan's domestic trend of amending the pacifist constitution, lifting the ban on collective self-defense rights through constitutional interpretation, and introducing relevant security supporting bills, is intended to relax exports of weapons, expand defense forces and send troops overseas. "Permanently eliminating militarism and establishing a peace-loving government is one of the important contents of the Potsdam Proclamation. What the Abe regime did was exactly contrary to the relevant provisions of the Potsdam Declaration. Therefore, Japanese politicians turned a blind eye to the Potsdam Declaration and avoided talking about it." Lu Yaodong said. The spirit of international law is an important norm that the international community should adhere to. As a sovereign country, is Japan not bound by international law? The reporter reviewed some books on international law and found that although the definitions and concepts of international law are different, after comparison, it can be found that they all emphasize "inter-state" and "binding force", that is, international law is formed in international exchanges., mainly adjusting relations between countries, the overall body of legally binding principles, rules and systems. The social relations regulated and adjusted by international law are mainly the relations between sovereign states. All sovereign states in the world should be bound by international law in the process of their mutual interactions, otherwise they should bear corresponding consequences. Wang Shan, a researcher at the Japan Institute of China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, said that Japan unconditionally accepted the Potsdam Proclamation, which accelerated the surrender process of Japanese militarism and established post-war order. It is an important international legal document that Japan must abide by. As an expert in international law, Zhao Jianwen told reporters that from the perspective of international law, the Potsdam Proclamation laid the legal foundation for the post-war international order. This illustrates this point from the consistency of the Potsdam Proclamation with the United Nations Charter. Zhao Jianwen said that in international law, declarations, announcements, communiqués, protocols, and press communiqués are all regarded as international treaties. According to Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: "A treaty refers to an international written agreement concluded between States and governed by international law, whether it is contained in a single instrument or more than two mutually related instruments, and regardless of its specific name." The second paragraph of Article 98 of the Constitution of Japan also clearly stipulates: "Treaties concluded by Japan and established international regulations must be observed honestly. Wang Shan said that relations between East Asian countries are currently in turmoil. One of the most important reasons is that Japan has not strictly abide by the principles and spirit of the announcement and attempts to reverse the verdict on its history of aggression. The Abe regime beautifies militarism by visiting the Yasukuni Shrine. Ultra-nationalist forces attempt to resurrect Japanese militarism, seriously challenging the internationally recognized political and legal order, and endangering regional peace and security. Lu Yaodong said that with the passage of time and the lack of historical awareness, the post-war order established by the Potsdam Proclamation is being ignored in Japan, and some Japanese right-wing forces have always tried to weaken or even erase the role and influence of the Proclamation. "As a major allied force in the Eastern Battlefield at that time, the United States should shoulder its historical responsibilities, especially safeguarding the justice of the Potsdam Proclamation and urging Japan to abide by the Potsdam Proclamation. The international community has the responsibility and obligation to use the decisions of the Potsdam Proclamation to restrict and regulate Japan's behavior and tighten and prevent Japan from sliding to the right." Zhao Jianwen pointed out that international law is a general legal principle recognized by all countries, and abiding by international law means that the country enjoys rights and assumes corresponding obligations. Violating international law will seriously reduce a country's credibility in the international arena. When interests are directly infringed, states can seek remedies in international law. On the other hand, international law requires that a state has the right to take necessary actions to stop the infringement regardless of whether it is directly injured, and requires the injuring state to assume international responsibility, stop the infringement, and eliminate the consequences of the infringement. Zhou Yongsheng, deputy director of the Center for Japanese Studies at the School of Foreign Affairs, said that in jointly maintaining post-war order, on the one hand, China and South Korea and other victims of World War II should join hands to demand that Japan face history and faithfully fulfill the political commitments it made to the international community at the end of the war. On the other hand, the United States, Britain and all countries that participated in shaping the international order after World War II should stick to their positions responsibly. Zhao Jianwen said,"The international order cannot be forgotten, and the Abe regime's right-wing remarks and lifting the ban on collective self-defense rights cannot be allowed to overturn the achievements of the victory of World War II. China was the biggest victim of Japan's war of aggression and naturally safeguarded the legitimacy and historical status of the Potsdam Proclamation and the Cairo Declaration. If Japan puts down its historical burden and never evades its war responsibilities. Not only does it not overturn the verdict of war criminals, it also treats its words and deeds as criminal crimes, there is no need for us to raise historical issues every day. If Japan does not recognize historical responsibilities and pay homage to war criminals every day, we really need to take them seriously." Only by facing history can we improve Sino-Japanese relations. China and Japan face each other across the sea. Since ancient times, China has been the object of Japan's learning, but it is also the target of Japan's covet. After entering modern times, Japan, which has a smoother path to modernization, launched a war of aggression that spanned decades and owed numerous blood debts. Japan's erroneous understanding of historical and territorial issues is the biggest obstacle between China and Japan. In 2012, the Japanese government illegally "nationalized" the Diaoyu Islands, infringing on China's territorial sovereignty and violating the relevant provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, resulting in severe turmoil in Sino-Japanese relations. The top Japanese government headed by Abe has reversed the situation on historical issues, especially the visit to the Yasukuni Shrine, which has made Sino-Japanese relations even worse. In the four political documents signed between China and Japan from 1972 to 2008, Japan expressed its commitment to facing history and reflecting on its war of aggression. In 1995, Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama issued a speech expressing "profound reflection and sincere apology" for the history of aggression. Since then, successive cabinets have inherited this solemn statement and apology. However, in recent years, some historical revisionist words and deeds have appeared in Japan, which are contrary to the spirit of the Potsdam Proclamation, the four political documents of China and Japan, and the Murayama talks. "In November last year, China and Japan reached a four-point principled consensus and agreed to overcome political obstacles to bilateral relations in the spirit of facing history and facing the future. However, the reality is that Japan still has some words and deeds that contradict it on historical issues, which is not conducive to the development of relations between the two countries. Whether the Japanese government can send positive messages on historical issues is the key to improving Sino-Japanese relations." Lu Yaodong said. Gao Hong, deputy director of the Institute of Japan Studies at China Academy of Social Sciences, said that if historical issues can be properly handled, this 70 years after the war will become an opportunity for Japan to win forgiveness from the international community; if it fails to seize this opportunity or even reverses history, Japan will pay a higher political price for this. The Potsdam Proclamation is the foundation of Japan's relations with the world and the bottom line of Sino-Japanese relations. All countries in the world have the responsibility and obligation to uphold and support implementation. Especially when some people try to "forget" and "tamper with" its essential meaning, it is even more necessary for the international community to work together to make the spirit of the announcement a world consensus, which is the best commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the victory of the anti-fascist war. What is the binding force of the Potsdam Proclamation on Japan?