124 years ago today, on December 10, 1901 (October 30, 1901 in the lunar calendar), Sweden awarded the Nobel Prize for the first time. Nobel Prize Winners On December 10, 1901, the King of Sweden and the Nobel Foundation of Norway awarded the Nobel Prize for the first time. According to Nobel's will: "The Nobel Prize is awarded every year to those who have made the greatest contribution to mankind in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace in the past year." The winners of the 1901 Nobel Prize include: Germany's Rontgen (Physics Prize), who discovered X-rays; Hoff of the Netherlands (Chemistry Prize), who discovered the law of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure; Behling of Germany (Medical Prize), who made great achievements in the research of serum methods; Pruddom of France (Literature Prize), who made great achievements in poetry creation. The winners of the 1901 Nobel Peace Prize were: Denanzio of Switzerland, who founded the International Red Cross in 1864, and the economist Passy, who founded the French International Arbitration Association. Since then, according to Nobel's will, the Nobel Prize was awarded by four institutions (3 in Sweden and 1 in Norway). Appropriation from a fund established in accordance with Nobel's will. The awarding ceremony is held every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, in Stockholm, Sweden, and Oslo, Norway. The Bank of Sweden added an Economic Science Award in 1968, and the first award was awarded in 1969. The awarding institutions mentioned by Nobel in his will are: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Physics and Chemistry Prize), the Royal Caroline Institute of Surgery (Physiology or Medicine Prize) and the Swedish Academy of Literature (Literary Prize) in Stockholm, as well as the Nobel Prize Evaluation Committee (Peace Prize) appointed by the Norway Parliament in Oslo. The Swedish Academy of Sciences also oversees awards in economics. In 1867, Swedish chemist Nobel invented yellow explosive, and later invented various explosives. As a result, he obtained huge sums of money. When Nobel died in 1886, this huge sum was used to establish the Nobel Prize. The annual interest on the funds he left behind will pay for the five Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner of the funds and plays a role in managing the funds, but has nothing to do with the evaluation of the Nobel Prize. The right to review Nobel belongs to the Nobel Prize Jury of Sweden and Norway. A bonus is either awarded entirely to one person, or divided equally between the two outcomes at most, or shared jointly by two or more people (never more than three people). Sometimes a bonus is kept until the next year; if the bonus is not awarded the next year, it is returned to the foundation. When bonuses are neither awarded nor retained, they must also be returned to the foundation. In this way, in the same academic field, there can be two bonuses in one year, namely, bonuses left over from the previous year and bonuses from this year. If the winner refuses or fails to receive the bonus before the specified date, the bonus will be returned to the Foundation. There have been cases where bonuses were refused and the government prohibited nationals from receiving Nobel Prizes. However, the winners were still included in the list of Nobel Prize winners, with the words "refused to accept bonuses" marked. The motives for not accepting awards may be different from one another, but the real reasons are mostly external pressure; For example, Hitler issued a decree in 1937 prohibiting Germans from receiving Nobel Prizes because he considered the Peace Prize awarded to C. Osietsky in 1935 an insult. No matter what reason the deadline is expired, those who have refused to accept can receive the Nobel Gold Medal and Certificate when explaining their circumstances and applying, but cannot receive the bonus, which has been returned to the Foundation. If no one can meet the conditions required in Nobel's will or if the world situation prevents the collection of selection data (such as during World War I and World War II), the prize will be retained or the award will be stopped. The award is open to all people, regardless of nationality, race, religious belief or ideology. The same winner can win multiple awards without restrictions. The award ceremony for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and economics was held in Stockholm, while the Peace Prize award ceremony was held in Oslo on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Winners usually receive the award in person. Science and medicine awards have proven to rarely cause controversy; The literature prize and the peace prize are of their own special nature and are the most likely to lead to differences of opinion. Peace prizes are often reserved. How many assets does Nobel have? How many assets Nobel has is a question that even Nobel himself is not very clear about. According to Nobel's will, turning all his assets into cash is a huge project involving the economies and laws of many countries. After years of traveling back and forth between many countries, Solman and others finally had a preliminary outline of the cleanup of the Nobel legacy in 1900. Nobel's main list after converting assets into cash in various countries is as follows (This is a list that has been greatly devalued and discounted during the conversion of Nobel assets into cash): Sweden 5,796, 140.00 Norway 94,472.28 Germany 6,152,250.95 Austria 228,754.20 France 7,280,817.23 Scotland 3,913,938.67 England 3,904, 235.32 Italy 630, 410.10 Russia 5,232, 773.45 Total: 33,233,792.20 Swedish kronor The total amount of the estate converted into cash was 33,233,792 Swedish kronor, approximately US$9.2 million. Not only then, but now, Nobel's legacy is indeed a huge legacy.