513 years ago today, on August 31, 1512 (July 21, 1512 lunar calendar), Liu Liuliu and Liu Qi protested. The Liu Liuliu and Liu Qi uprising, also known as the Liu Liuliu and Liu Qi uprising, refers to a large-scale peasant uprising that broke out in the middle of the Ming Dynasty in North Zhili (now Hebei). Liu Liu and Liu Qi originally robbed the rich and helped the poor, known as "horse thieves". They launched an uprising in Bazhou in October (1510) of Zhengde Five Years (1510), and thousands of peasants responded. The following year, the uprising army invaded Shandong from Hebei, and later returned to Jinggi from Shandong. The uprising army was strictly disciplined and did not kill people, which made the uprising army grow rapidly to tens of thousands of people. The uprising lasted for three years before and after, and they moved to the vast areas of North and South Zhili, Shandong, Henan, Huguang, etc., and won the support of the people wherever they passed. The two insurgent armies lacked close cooperation, and they fought for a long time. They were defeated and failed by the Ming army. Social Background After the orthodox Ming Dynasty (1436-1449), political darkness and corruption, land annexation intensified and highly concentrated, people were displaced, class contradictions became increasingly fierce, and peasant uprisings in various places continued. The Liu Liu and Liu Qi uprisings that broke out in Hebei were the product of this historical background. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, farmers in Hebei were deeply harmed by the government's horse politics. In order to ensure the supply of horses for the army, the Ming government forced farmers in Hebei and other places to act as horse breeders since the early Ming Dynasty. The burden of corvée on horse households is extremely heavy. In order to ensure that horses are raised well, they have to pay a high price, not only delaying agricultural production, but also compensating for losses when the horses they raise die or the breeding of stallions fails. The impoverished farmers had to "sell their fields and feed men and women to make up for the number, and the suffering is unspeakable". At that time, some people described it as "the most troubled grain in Jiangnan, and the most troubled horse in Hebei". Hebei is close to the capital, which is where factory security agents and bureaucratic landlords abuse. In addition, land mergers are violent, exploitation and oppression are very cruel, social contradictions are very sharp, and peasant uprisings occur from time to time. In order to stabilize the situation in the Gyeonggi area, in September of the fourth year of Zhengde (1509), the autocratic eunuch Liu Jin sent Emperor Ning Gao to Hebei to suppress the peasant uprising as a "thief-hunting imperial history". Ning Gao used extremely cruel and high-pressure means to massacre and suppress the peasants. He "played the method of joint sitting in the Wu Wu, and the thieves captured no empty day, and every machine thief entered Zhending, and used the preaching to lead, and the sound of the golden drum was endless". The uprising passed through the peasant uprising led by Liu Liu, Liu Qi brothers and Yang Hu during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty. Liu Liuming was a pet, Liu Qi was a morning, and was born in Wen'an County (now Wen'an, Hebei Province) in Bazhou. He was a farmer. He was a hero and righteous, and he was brave and good Due to the unbearable annexation and oppression of the powerful landlords, Tong Qi Yanming and others robbed houses in Bazhou and other places, and was called "Xiangma of Hebei" at that time. In the fourth year of Zhengde (1509), the Ming Dynasty government sent additional supervisors to be stationed in Tianjin, Zhending and other places, "specializing in thieves". Liu Liu and Liu Qi's family members were persecuted. Qi Yanming was also arrested and later rescued by Liu Qi and others from prison. In October of five years, Liu Liu and Liu Qi led dozens of uprisings in Bazhou, and poor farmers responded one after another, which quickly grew to more than 10,000 people. At this time, Yang Hu, who was uprising in Shandong, also led his troops to join Liu Liu and others, and the rebel army grew stronger and was active in the south of the capital and Shandong areas. In March of the following year, the insurgent army went to Boye, Raoyang, Nangong and other prefectures and counties in Hebei Province, followed by Shandong Province, and conquered more than 20 prefectures such as Rizhao, Qufu, and Tai'an. The Ming army fled all the way. The poor peasants were willing to supply the insurgent army with rations and sticks. The insurgent army killed the landlords and bureaucrats, burned the officials, looted the arsenal, and released the prisoners. The Ming government sent Ma Zhongxi, Zhang Wei, and others to supervise the military affairs. Because of the power of the insurgent army, they could only support the army for self-defense and did not dare to confront the insurgent army. Under the situation of continuous victory, the insurgent army put forward the slogan of "building a country and supporting the virtuous", and formulated a policy of first taking Hebei and Henan, expanding the army, and then occupying Nanjing to establish political power. Then, the rebel army was divided into two routes, the east was led by Liu Liu, Liu Qi, and Qi Yanming, and they were active in Shandong; the west was led by Yang Hu and others, and they were active in Henan. In May, the uprising army on the east route entered Henan from Shandong, entered Huguang and turned to Jiangxi, and then moved north to Bazhou. A group of Yang Hu on the west route entered Shanxi from south to north in June, and then entered Hebei in the east to Wen'an. In August, the two armies would attack Bazhou and threaten the capital. Under this situation, the Ming government stepped up its fortification, replaced Ma Zhongxi and Zhang Wei, and reassigned the right attendant of the army, Admiral Lu Wan, to lead the border soldiers and the Beijing army to block the uprising army. Afterwards, Liu Liu broke through the siege and entered Shandong Le'an (now Guangrao, Shandong), while Yang Hu's headquarters transferred to Dongchang, Shandong, and divided their troops to contain the enemy. In September, two rebel armies successively attacked and besieged Cangzhou, Hebei, blocking the transportation of the Ming Dynasty. In October, Yang Hu's team passed through Tianjin, Jingzhou (now Jingxian County, Hebei), Zaoqiang and other places, entered Daming Mansion (now Daming, Hebei), and headed east to Shandong, attacking the city and territory, leaning against Liu Liujun's momentum, shaking Shandong, and then transferring to Anhui, but Yang Hu crossed the river at Yimen (Bozhou, Guoyang, Anhui) and was attacked and sacrificed by the Ming army. The troops were led by Liu Hui and Zhao Su, and transferred to Henan to continue fighting. Liu's six troops went south to Shandong, Lianke Yanggu, Shouzhang, Yishui, Qufu and other ten counties, attacked Qingzhou, Yanzhou, Yizhou and other Ming feudal lands, and then transferred to Jining, burning 1,200 Ming grain ships. From Jining to the north, they moved to Bazhou in the north, and to the vast area of Tangyin in Henan. In the first month of the seventh year, they went deep into the area near Jingbazhou again. At this time, Liu Hui and Zhao Su moved to Anhui, Henan and other places. They elected Liu Hui as the grand marshal of Fengtian, and Zhao Su as the deputy marshal, established the Fifth Army, listed in the 28th Battalion, commissioned the governor, commander and other officials, with 130,000 foot and cavalry, and issued the banner of "directly attacking the land of swallows" and "reopening the sky of chaos". They also affirmed military discipline and did not kill civilians indiscriminately. The rebellion army connected many counties in Henan, and burned the home of Jiao Fang, a former cabinet minister who had collaborated with Liu Jin to do many evils in Biyang, and reached Huguang Xiangyang and other provinces and counties. In February of the seventh year of Zhengde (1512), the Ming government sent Admiral Shi Pengze, the governor of the right capital, and increased the number of frontline soldiers and Huguang soldiers in the same department. They adopted the tactics of blocking on all sides and supervising the troops to follow up and pursue the Henan rebellion army. In May, Liu Hui was killed by an arrow while fighting the Ming army in Nanzhao (now Nanzhaodong, Henan Province). Zhao Sui was also captured in Wuchang and later executed in the capital. The Liu Liu and Liu Qi rebels who advanced into the capital saw that the capital was difficult to attack, so they went south from Wen'an (now part of Hebei), entered Jiangsu, and then transferred to Shandong. After the Ming army gathered 100,000 troops in the Deng and Lai areas of Shandong to encircle and suppress the rebels. The rebels struggled to break through the siege and fought with the Ming army in the provinces and counties south of the capital. With the defeat of the Henan rebels, the rebels gradually shifted to the south. In May, south to Huangzhou, Hubei (now Huanggang, Hubei), the Tuanfeng Town captured the boat and entered the river. Liu Liu was sacrificed due to the capsizing of the boat. Liu Qi and others went down from Wuchang, and the boat drivers moved up and down the Jiujiang River and down to Su Song. The Ming government immediately dispatched Peng Ze to reinforce Lu Wan, stationed in the area east of Nanjing and the Su Song area, and strengthened the military readiness of key areas along the river. On July 18, the uprising army attacked Tongzhou (now Nantong, Jiangsu), and then occupied Langshan Mountain in the southeast of Tongzhou, and defended it at risk. On the 21st, the Ming army attacked the Langshan rebel position from the north and south. The uprising army fought alone and was outnumbered. Liu Qi and Qi Yanming sacrificed one after another, and the uprising failed. The reason for the failure of the peasant army is that, compared with the Ming army, it is weak and weak. Although Liu Liu's army claims to have tens of thousands of people, most of them are poor peasants who have no livelihood, no combat experience, and very few really have combat effectiveness. Second, the peasant army has long-term mobile operations. Although it has the characteristics of mobility and flexibility, it can surprise people and achieve some victories. However, due to the lack of a solid base and rear, the soldiers are tired of running, and there are certain difficulties in the supply of troops and military supplies, which affects the play of combat effectiveness. Third, the two larger insurgent armies fought independently, lack of cooperation, and did not get in touch with the peasant insurgent army in Sichuan at that time to fight the enemy together, which made it easy for the Ming government to concentrate its troops and defeat them one by one. Historical significance The uprising led by Liu Liu Liu and Liu Qi lasted for three years, and they fought in Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, and Jiangsu provinces, which dealt a heavy blow to the ruling class. In order to suppress the uprising, the Ming government used a lot of financial resources and exhausted the silver of the treasury. Wherever the uprising army went, it attacked the local corrupt officials, landlords, and gentry. This uprising taught the Ming rulers a heavy and profound lesson. It made the Ming rulers realize that it was difficult to maintain long-term rule by high-pressure policies alone, and that effective measures must be taken to ease social contradictions. In the second year of the failed uprising, the Ming government ordered the reduction of taxes and grain in Jingji, Shandong, Henan and other places, and announced that "the refugees will return to business, and the officials will give food, Lushe, and cattle for five years." The imperial court was also rectified, carrying out the reform of Yang Tinghe and the leadership, dismissing some eunuchs, dismissing redundant officials, checking imperial manors and official manors, and returning part of the land to the peasants. The Ming Dynasty had a relatively clear political situation in the early years of Jiajing.