226 years ago today, on November 9, 1799 (October 12, 1799 lunar calendar), the French "coup d'état on the 18th Brumaire". The scene of Napoleon's coup The coup d'état on the 18th Brumaire was a major event in French history. It took place on November 9, 1799. This day is the 18th Brumaire of the French New Calendar, so it is commonly known in history as the "coup d'état on the 18th Brumaire". At the end of the 18th century, the Great Bourgeois Revolution broke out in France. In 1792, the monarchy was overthrown and the bourgeois regime was established. However, the bourgeoisie did not gain a stable foothold from then on. On the contrary, the contradictions within the revolutionary camp intensified. The French big bourgeoisie and bankers opposed both the absolute monarchy and the bourgeo In 1791, they launched the "Thermidorian Coup", which attacked the bourgeois revolutionaries and the broad masses, overthrew the revolutionary Jacobin dictatorship, and established the reactionary rule of the big bourgeoisie. However, in the summer of 1795, the reactionary royalists rebelled again, so that the big bourgeoisie had to turn to the revolutionary Jacobins to deal with the royalists. The rebellion of the royalists was suppressed, and the Jacobins were active again. The swing policy of the big bourgeoisie's directorate was unable to maintain stable rule, and the domestic political situation was unstable. The big bourgeoisie hoped to establish a new regime that would prevent the restoration of the dynasty and effectively suppress the people's revolutionary movement. Therefore, the big bourgeoisie began to choose objects. Napoleon was fighting in Egypt at the time. He knew this from a letter sent by his brother from the country, so he handed over the command of the Near East Front to General Kleiber and quickly returned home by fast ship. Sure enough, after he arrived in Paris, he was soon taken by the bourgeoisie. Barlow, a big Parisian banker, gave 500,000 francs to support his coup. With the support of the big bourgeoisie, he used the pretext of removing the Jacobin extremism from threatening the republic. On November 9, 1799, he led the troops of his cronies to disperse the Legislative Yuan, overthrow the Directory, and establish a ruling government headed by Napoleon. Soon after, the 8-year constitution of the French Republic was promulgated, reaffirming the abolition of the feudal hierarchy, France was a republic, and stipulated the authority of the first ruling (Napoleon): "Promulgate laws; and appoint and remove members of the Senate, ministers, ambassadors and other high-ranking foreign officials, army and navy officers at will. Soon, he abolished the revolutionary local self-government institutions, making France a highly centralized state. Napoleon, the" lifelong ruler "of France