160 years ago today, on May 18, 1865 (April 24, 1865 lunar calendar), the first battle of the Nian Uprising: the Battle of the High-rise Village. The Battle of the High-rise Village was a famous ambush in April 1865 (the fourth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty), when the Nian army annihilated the Sanghenqinbu in the High-rise Village (now Gaozhuang Collection) in Heze, Shandong Province. Background In November 1852, under the influence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution, the long-term activities of the Nian Party in Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei and other provinces have revolted one after another. In the autumn of 1855, the leaders of the Nian army on the Henan and Anhui sides gathered in the Jiheji Alliance in Bozhou, and publicly promoted Zhang Lexing as the leader of the alliance. They decided to establish a five-flag military system and elected the general leaders of various flags: the yellow flag Zhang Lexing and his own, the white flag Gong Deshu, the red flag Hou Shiwei, the black flag Su Tianfu, and the blue flag Han Qifeng. After the meeting, a proclamation was issued, denouncing the local officials of the Qing government for treating the people as hatred. The purpose of the uprising was to "save me from the disabled Li, eliminate rape and punish violence, and reduce public anger", and announced military discipline and the regulations of the march. Since then, the Nian army has continuously attacked the Qing army in the vast areas north and south of the Huai River, effectively supporting the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the south. However, due to the poor organization of the Nian army and the lack of a strong unified leadership, it lost many times in combat with the regular Qing army, and its strength was greatly weakened. Zhang Lexing and other famous leaders were sacrificed one after another, and the Nian army's base area, Chiheji, was also lost in 1863. Only Ren Huabang, Zhang Zongyu and others led their troops to break through the siege of the Qing army and continue to deal with the Qing army. After the fall of Tianjing in July 1864, the revolutionary situation across the country went to a low ebb. The Nian army and the rest of the Taiping army were not intimidated by the bloody suppression of the Qing army, but defied the difficulties and continued to fight unyielding struggles. In late November 1864, the two Taiping armies of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, King Lai Wenguang and King Qiu Yuancai of Huai, numbered two or three thousand people. They joined with Zhang Zongyu and Renhuabang in the northern Hubei area. Some other scattered Taiping and Niu armies also went to concentrate one after another. Then, they merged and reorganized at the border of Henan and Hubei to form a centralized and unified new Niu army, Zhang Zongyu, and Ren Huabang jointly promoted Lai Wenguang as the supreme leader. Lai Wenguang followed the era names and titles of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Zhang Zongyu was King Liang, Ren Huabang was King Lu, Li Yun was King Wei, Niu Hong was promoted to King Jing, and Zhang Yujue was King Youwo. The army followed the structure of the Nian army, which was still distinguished by five-color flags, and was divided into big flags and small flags. Militarily, according to the characteristics of the Nian army's large number of cavalry and the flat terrain in the north, easy steps were decided to ride, and the mobility of the troops was strengthened. On the Qing side, the commander of the Qing army who fought against the Nian army was Seng Glinqin, Prince of Horqin. In early December 1864, Seng Glinqin personally supervised the wing of Chang Hengling, Chengbao, and the deputy capital Changxing A and other departments and arrived in Zaoyang, Hubei, and then advanced. On December 7, Lai Wenguang and other overseers defeated the monk army in Xiangyang, and then marched north and entered Dengzhou (now Dengxian County), Henan. In the early stage of the war, Lai Wenguang, Zhang Zongyu and others chose Tangpo in the southwest of Dengzhou to dig trenches and build On the 12th, the Monk army launched an attack in three directions: left, center, and right. The Nian army first defeated the enemy's right-wing infantry, and then copied the enemy's middle and left routes from the side and back, defeating the Monk army. On January 28, 1865, the Nian army returned to Lushan via Yiyang (now Ruyang), and the monk Grinqin pursued it all the way. The Nian army lured the enemy through the Shishui (Jinsha River), and then returned to the army to attack, and copied from behind with a horse team. The Monk army was terrified, and the battalion chief Fuke Jinga and Jingcai Buku led their troops to flee first. The Nian army took advantage of the momentum to kill the enemy, and successively killed the enemy wing Chang Hengling, the battalion chief Baoqing, the deputy capital chief Shulunbao, and the batt Seng Glinqin survived the death only after being rescued by the general soldier Chen Guorui. After two major defeats in Dengzhou and Lushan, Seng Glinqin was so angry that he executed Fuke Jinga and Jingcai Buku, who were the first to retreat, in order to deter his troops. He was determined to chase after the Nian army and take revenge. The Nian army was originally going to march westward into Shaanxi, but due to the strict prevention of the Qing army, he decided to continue to deal with the monk army in Henan. After Lushan won, the Nian army went north to Xiangcheng and Yuzhou through Ye County, then passed through Changge and Xinzheng, and transferred to Weishi County. On February 11, 1865, the monk army that followed the Nian army arrived in Weishi County, and the Nian army had already gone south to Yanling. The lead force of the monk army advanced alone with 3,000 people and chased to Yanzhaipo, North Yanling County. The Nian army found out that the pursuers were thin, so they lured the enemy with a small number of troops, and the brigade returned to the horsepower battle to defeat them. In mid-to-late February, the Nian army went south from Linying and Yancheng, attacked Xiping and surrounded Ruyang, and Seng Gelinqin had to personally supervise the horse team southward on March 5. Seeing that the Seng army was chasing, the Nian army sent its army south and attacked the southern pass of Xinyang Prefecture. When the enemy army reached Xinyang, they raised their flag and went north, passing through Chushan, Suiping and Xiping to Yancheng, and then attacked the ditch and entered the Suizhou border. On March 29, 1865, the Nian army entered Shandong Province from Kaocheng, Henan Province. For more than two months, Seng Grinqin followed the Nian army and chased after him reluctantly, from western Henan, central Henan, eastern Henan, and southern Henan, all the way to Shandong, traveling thousands of miles, and his troops were dragged to exhaustion. "Hundreds of soldiers died, and the army complained a lot." Seng Grinqin himself was also dragged to "waste his sleep and food, and constantly relieve his saddle and rest on the left road, and make fire and wine." ("Nian Army" 4, p. 85). The Qing court had warned him not to chase after him, but the headstrong Seng Grinqin, who was stubborn, still chased after him. In early April 1865, the Nian army entered Shandong and arrived at Qufu through Cao County, Dingtao, Chengwu, Jiaxiang, Wenshang, and Ningyang. The monk army was still chasing after. The governor of Shandong, Yan Jingming, sent the emissary Ding Baozhen to lead the provincial defense army into Yanzhou, in a vain attempt to attack the Nian army. In order to continue to tire the enemy army, the Nian army headed north to Ningyang and Dongping. After defeating the general army Fan Zhengtan on the way, it continued north to Donga, Pingyin, and Feicheng, and then turned south to Ningyang, Yanzhou, Zouxian, Tengxian, and Yi County, and entered Ganyu, Haizhou, and Muyang in Jiangsu through Lanshan and Tancheng. On May 3, he returned to Tancheng from Pizhou, and went west to Yi County. After defeating Ding Baozhen near Lincheng (now Xixuecheng, Zaozhuang City), he went north to Ningyang and Wenshang. On May 10, 1865, he crossed the canal into Luojialou in the south of Fan County (now Fan County in the east of Henan Province), Jishan in the southeast of Puzhou (now Pucheng, Henan Province), and finally into the area of the Yellow River Water Tap (the Yellow River Water Tap is an area with many rivers formed in Puzhou, south of Fan County and northwest of Yuncheng after the Yellow River broke in 1855 in Kaocheng Tongtile Chamber). The separated people who were hidden in various uprisings here joined the army one after another, so that the number of the Yuan army reached tens of thousands. Then, the Yuan army rushed to the high-rise walled area in the northwest of Heze to wait for the monk army. At this time, the monk army had been dragged by the Yuan army to extreme exhaustion, and Seng Grinqin himself was so tired that he could not even hold the reins because he had not left the saddle for dozens of days. He had to tie the horses to his shoulders with cloth On May 17, 1865, Seng Glinqin led his army to the Jieyuanji area in the south of the high-rise village. Zhang Zongyu sent a small number of troops to confront him, ordering Ren Zhu and Zhang Zhuo to attack and lure the monk army to go deeper into the high-rise village area. At noon on the 18th, the monk army entered the high-rise village, and the Nian army who was ambushing in the villages, weirs, and willows north of the high-rise village attacked together. Seng Grinqin divided his troops into three routes: the wing chief Norin Pile, the deputy head of the left-wing horse team, Tolumbu, etc., led the left-wing horse team, and the general soldiers Chen Guorui and He Jianao led the main army team to the west; the deputy head of the right-wing horse team, such as Chengbao and Ultuna, etc., and the general soldier Guo Baochang led the main army to the east road; the deputy head of the Changxing A, Windelexi and other leading horses were the middle road. The Nian army also fought in three ways. The west road fought fiercely for about two hours, but the Nian army was slightly defeated. The Nian army had already defeated Changxing A's army on the middle road, so they supported the Nian army on the west road to launch a counterattack against the enemy and annihilate the Qing army on the west road. At the same time, the Nian army on the In the back of the monitoring team, Seng Glinqin had to lead the remnants to retreat into a desolate fortress south of the high-rise fortress. The Nian army pursued the victory, surrounded the fortress, and dug long trenches outside the fortress to prevent the enemy from breaking through. At the third watch of the night, Seng Glinqin led a small number of his followers to risk their lives to break through. When they fled to Wujiadian, 7.5 kilometers northwest of Heze, they were hacked to death by a Nian army soldier in the wheat field. In this battle, the Nian army wiped out more than 7,000 people below Seng Glinqin and achieved a major victory. As a result of the battle, the Nian army wiped out more than 7,000 people below Seng Glinqin and achieved a major victory. Historical significance The Nian Uprising War broke out in the northern Anhui region, which lasted 18 years. It spread to 10 provinces and regions including Anhui, Lu, Henan, Su, and Shaanxi. It wiped out more than 100,000 Qing troops and local regiments. It effectively cooperated with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the people's uprisings in various parts of the north, and dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In the long-term anti-Qing war, the Nian army formed a unique set of mobile tactics, which were often able to defeat the enemy and win. However, the leaders of the Nian army were politically short-sighted, failed to form a centralized and unified leadership and command, and implemented raiders in the military, neglected to establish a solid base area. Later, they divided the military into two branches, and the combat guidance was blind, resulting in the Qing army being broken and the whole army was destroyed. This provided valuable experience for the Wuchang Uprising in 1911.