Eighty years ago today, on October 24, 1945 (September 19, 1945 in the lunar calendar), the United Nations was established. The birth of the United Nations The name "United Nations" first appeared in writing on January 1, 1942. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill formulated a principle that all countries would abide by in order to strengthen the unified action of all anti-fascist countries, and obtained the approval of the Soviet Union. On January 1, 1942, 26 anti-fascist countries including the United States, Britain, China and the Soviet Union signed this document, the "Joint Declaration of the United Nations", laying the foundation for the establishment of the United Nations. On October 30 of the following year, China, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom issued the "Declaration on Universal Security" in Moscow, formally proposing the establishment of a universal international organization. From August 21 to October 7, 1944, the three countries of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union and the three countries of the United States, Britain, and China held meetings at the Dumbarton Rubber Farm near Washington, USA. In accordance with the spirit of the Declaration on Universal Security, the charter for the establishment of new international organizations was drafted and the "Recommendation on the Establishment of a Universal International Organization" was adopted. In February 1945, the Yalta Conference, attended by Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, further discussed the establishment of the United Nations. The communiqué of the meeting announced that in order to maintain world peace and security, the anti-fascist allies will establish a universal international organization as soon as possible, and decided to convene the United Nations Constitutional Convention in San Francisco, USA on April 25 of the same year. In accordance with this decision, the United Nations Constitutional Convention, initiated by the five countries of the United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union, and France, and inviting all signatories to the Joint Declaration of the United Nations to participate, was grandly held in San Francisco, United States on February 25, 1945. More than 280 representatives from 50 countries and more than 1700 advisers, experts and journalists gathered together. The China delegation consists of 10 people, including Dong Biwu, a representative of the Communist Party of China. Based on the recommendations of the Dumbarton Rubber Garden Conference, the meeting drafted the United Nations Charter after more than two months of discussion. Delegates unanimously adopted the charter at the San Francisco Opera House on June 25. On the 26th, the Constitutional Convention held the last item and the most solemn agenda of the conference in the auditorium of the Veterans Memorial Hall in San Francisco-representatives signing the charter. In accordance with the procedures agreed at the conference, the China delegation was the first to sign. At noon, Dong Biwu wrote his name on the charter with a brush. Representatives of all countries signed the charter, and Poland later signed the charter. The 51 countries that signed the Charter became founding members of the United Nations. On October 24, most of the signatories, including the United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union, and France, submitted instruments of ratification. The Charter came into effect and the United Nations was officially established. According to the Charter, the purposes of the United Nations are to "maintain international peace and security","develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples" and "carry out international cooperation." All member states of the United Nations enjoy equal voting rights. The permanent core body of the United Nations is the Security Council, which has the right to take necessary measures and actions in accordance with the United Nations Charter. The United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union and France are permanent members of the Security Council. When deciding major issues, the Security Council adopts the principle of unanimity among the five permanent members, that is, all five permanent members enjoy the right of veto. The United Nations headquarters is located in New York, USA. Dong Biwu attended the United Nations Constitutional Convention in 1945. Historical development The name "United Nations" was conceived by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The name was first used when the United Nations Declaration was issued on January 1, 1942. During World War II, representatives from 26 countries promised that their governments would continue to fight together against the Axis Powers. Initially, relevant countries established international organizations in order to cooperate on specific matters. For example, the International Telegraph Union was established in 1865 and later renamed the International Telecommunication Union; the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874. Today, both organizations are specialized agencies of the United Nations. In 1899, the first International Peace Conference was held in The Hague, the Netherlands. The purpose of this meeting is to formulate documents and compile rules of war aimed at the peaceful resolution of crises and the prevention of war. The Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes was adopted at the meeting, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration was established in accordance with the Convention. The Permanent Court of Arbitration began its work in 1902. The predecessor of the United Nations was the "League of Nations". The organization was conceived in the context of the First World War, which was similar to the Second World War. The League of Nations was established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles, with the purpose of "promoting international cooperation and achieving world peace and security." The International Labor Organization, also established in 1919 under the Peace of Versailles, is an affiliate of the League of Nations. Failure to prevent the outbreak of World War II, the League of Nations subsequently suspended all its activities. On June 12, 1941, the Alliance Declaration "cooperates with other free peoples for this purpose in war and peace." The Alliance Declaration was the first in a series of steps leading to the establishment of the United Nations, signed in London, England on June 12, 1941. On August 14, 1941, U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill proposed a series of principles for international cooperation in maintaining world peace and security. The document was signed at a meeting on board the battleship HMS Prince of Wales,"somewhere in the Atlantic", and was known as the Atlantic Charter. On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 allied countries opposed to the Axis met in Washington and signed the United Nations Declaration to express their approval of the Atlantic Charter. For the first time, this document formally adopted President Roosevelt's term "United Nations." On October 30, 1943, in the declaration signed by the Moscow and Tehran Conference in Moscow on October 30, 1943, the governments of the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and China called for the early establishment of an international institution to maintain world peace and security. At the Tehran Conference on December 1, 1943, leaders from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom reaffirmed this goal. From September 21, 1944 to October 7, 1944, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held at a meeting called Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., where the United Nations blueprint was first outlined. After a two-stage meeting that lasted from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China reached agreement on the goals, structure and functions of establishing a world organization. At a follow-up meeting in Yalta on February 11, 1945, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Prime Minister Stalin declared their determination to establish "an international institution to maintain world peace and security." On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco to participate in the United Nations Conference on International Organizations. Delegates drafted a 111-article charter, which was unanimously approved at the San Francisco Opera House on June 25. Delegates signed the charter the next day at the Herbst Theater at the Veterans War Memorial. On October 24, 1945, with the approval of the five permanent members of the Security Council and the majority of signatories, the United Nations Charter officially came into effect and the United Nations was formally established. On January 10, 1946, the first UN General Assembly meeting was held on January 10, 1946 in Westminster Central Hall, London, with 51 countries attending. On January 17, 1946, members of the United Nations Security Council held their first meeting in London and adopted the Security Council's rules of procedure. On January 24, 1946, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the first resolution. Its main focus: the peaceful use of atomic energy and the elimination of atomic weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. On February 1, 1946, Trygv Rey of Norway was appointed as the first Secretary-General of the United Nations. On October 24, 1947, the UN General Assembly officially established "United Nations Day". In May 1948, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was the first peacekeeping operation established by the United Nations. On December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris. Since then, December 10 has become International Human Rights Day every year to commemorate it. On January 7, 1949, the efforts of United Nations Special Envoy Ralph Bunch led to a truce between the newly established Israel and Arab countries. On October 24, 1949, a groundbreaking ceremony was held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. On April 7, 1953, the United Nations General Assembly nominated Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General of the United Nations. In 1954, the United Nations Refugee Agency won the Nobel Peace Prize for its contribution to refugee affairs in Europe, the first of two Nobel Prizes it won. On November 1, 1956, the General Assembly held its first emergency special session to discuss the Suez Canal crisis. On November 5, the meeting decided to establish the first United Nations peacekeeping force-the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF). On November 7, 1956, the first emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly was held on November 5, 1956. It discussed the Suez Canal Crisis and decided to establish the first United Nations peacekeeping force, the United Nations Emergency Force. In September 1960, 17 newly independent countries (16 of which were African countries) joined the United Nations. This has been the largest increase in Member States in the year. On September 18, 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, was unfortunately killed in a plane crash on his way to Congo on official business. He was posthumously awarded the 1961 Nobel Peace Prize. On November 3, 1961, the United Nations General Assembly nominated U Thant as Secretary-General of the United Nations. On August 7, 1963, the Security Council voted to impose a voluntary arms embargo on South Africa. On March 4, 1964, the Security Council approved the dispatch of peacekeeping troops to Cyprus. In 1965, UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. On October 27, 1966, the United Nations General Assembly stripped South Africa of its rule over South West Africa (Namibia). On December 16, 1966, the Security Council imposed mandatory sanctions on Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). On November 22, 1967, after the Six-Day War in the Middle East, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242 (1967) after lengthy negotiations. On June 12, 1968, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and called on all countries to ratify it. January 4, 1969: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. In 1969, the International Labor Organization was awarded the 1969 Nobel Peace Prize. On October 25, 1971, the United Nations General Assembly voted to restore the legal seat of the People's Republic of China. On December 22, 1971, the United Nations General Assembly nominated Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General of the United Nations. In June 1972, the first United Nations Environment Assembly was held in Stockholm, Sweden. This meeting led to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Program headquartered in Nairobi. On November 13, 1974, the United Nations General Assembly recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization as "the only legitimate representative of the Palestinian people." On November 4, 1977, the Security Council approved a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa. From May to June 1978, the United Nations General Assembly held its first special session on disarmament issues. On December 18, 1979, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which includes political, economic, social, cultural and civil values. On May 8, 1980, three years after the last case of smallpox was reported, the World Health Organization officially declared smallpox extinct. In 1981, the United Nations Refugee Agency won the Nobel Peace Prize for the second time in providing assistance to Asian refugees. On November 25, 1981, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. On December 10, 1982, 117 countries and two entities signed the new United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Convention stipulates in the form of regulations the definition of marine zoning and national coastlines, the rights of navigation on the high seas and the rights and obligations of other countries and coastlines, the obligations to protect the marine environment, cooperation in marine research and the sustainable development of the utilization of marine living resources. In December 1984, humanitarian food distribution to African children was established by then-United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuellar, a United Nations Office for Emergency Operations in Africa to help coordinate famine relief efforts. On December 10, 1984, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. In September 1987, thanks to the efforts of the United Nations Environment Program, the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, also known as the Montreal Convention, was signed. This convention is considered a follow-up to the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. In 1988, the United Nations peacekeeping force was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. There were seven peacekeeping or observation missions in operation at the time. In April 1989, the United Nations Transition Assistance Group was dispatched throughout Namibia to observe South Africa's withdrawal and provide electoral assistance. On September 2, 1990, the Convention on the Rights of the Child entered into force in 1990 as international law. From September 29 to 30, 1990, UNICEF held the World Summit for Children, attended by 71 heads of state and government. The meeting adopted the Action Plan. On December 31, 1991, through the good offices of the Secretary-General, El Salvador and the National Liberation Front signed an agreement at United Nations Headquarters. On January 31, 1992, the Security Council held its first Security Council summit meeting in New York, attended by all 15 member states. At the meeting, the Secretary-General issued a report entitled "An Agenda for Peace." In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) was held in Rio de Janeiro and adopted an action plan for sustainable development-Agenda 21. The successful holding of the Earth Summit will help enhance public awareness of the environment, that is, economic development policies must consider environmental and social needs. On April 27, 1993, under United Nations verification, more than 98.5% of registered voters participated in a referendum, and Eritrea declared independence. Eritrea subsequently joined the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity. From April 26 to 29, 1994, elections were held in South Africa under the supervision of 2527 staff members of the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa deployed across South Africa. On May 25, the Security Council lifted the arms embargo and other restrictions on South Africa. On June 23, South Africa returned to the United Nations General Assembly 24 years after being suspended from its seat in the General Assembly. From October 22 to 24, 1995, heads of state and government attended a special commemorative conference held at United Nations Headquarters, bringing the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations to a climax. On September 10, 1996, the General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. This is a turning point in the history of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. On September 24, the treaty was opened for signature. On December 17, 1996, the General Assembly appointed by acclamation Kofi Annan from Ghana as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations for a term of office from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2001. On October 24, 2005, the United Nations celebrated its 60th anniversary. On October 13, 2006, the General Assembly nominated Ban Ki-moon as Secretary-General of the United Nations. On May 3, 2008, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities entered into force. This is the first international human rights treaty discussed with the participation of civil society. On January 12, 2010, an earthquake measuring 7 on the Richter scale occurred in Haiti, killing 300,000 people and leaving the country devastated. In this severe disaster, 101 United Nations peacekeepers were unfortunately killed. On July 2, 2010, the General Assembly created UN Women, which is responsible for gender equality and women's empowerment. On June 21, 2011, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution on June 21, appointing Ban Ki-moon for a second term as Secretary-General of the United Nations for a second term starting from January 1, 2012 and ending on December 31, 2016.Eighty years ago today, on October 24, 1945 (September 19, 1945 in the lunar calendar), the United Nations was established. The birth of the United Nations The name "United Nations" first appeared in writing on January 1, 1942. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill formulated a principle that all countries would abide by in order to strengthen the unified action of all anti-fascist countries, and obtained the approval of the Soviet Union. On January 1, 1942, 26 anti-fascist countries including the United States, Britain, China and the Soviet Union signed this document, the "Joint Declaration of the United Nations", laying the foundation for the establishment of the United Nations. On October 30 of the following year, China, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom issued the "Declaration on Universal Security" in Moscow, formally proposing the establishment of a universal international organization. From August 21 to October 7, 1944, the three countries of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union and the three countries of the United States, Britain, and China held meetings at the Dumbarton Rubber Farm near Washington, USA. In accordance with the spirit of the Declaration on Universal Security, the charter for the establishment of new international organizations was drafted and the "Recommendation on the Establishment of a Universal International Organization" was adopted. In February 1945, the Yalta Conference, attended by Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, further discussed the establishment of the United Nations. The communiqué of the meeting announced that in order to maintain world peace and security, the anti-fascist allies will establish a universal international organization as soon as possible, and decided to convene the United Nations Constitutional Convention in San Francisco, USA on April 25 of the same year. In accordance with this decision, the United Nations Constitutional Convention, initiated by the five countries of the United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union, and France, and inviting all signatories to the Joint Declaration of the United Nations to participate, was grandly held in San Francisco, United States on February 25, 1945. More than 280 representatives from 50 countries and more than 1700 advisers, experts and journalists gathered together. The China delegation consists of 10 people, including Dong Biwu, a representative of the Communist Party of China. Based on the recommendations of the Dumbarton Rubber Garden Conference, the meeting drafted the United Nations Charter after more than two months of discussion. Delegates unanimously adopted the charter at the San Francisco Opera House on June 25. On the 26th, the Constitutional Convention held the last item and the most solemn agenda of the conference in the auditorium of the Veterans Memorial Hall in San Francisco-representatives signing the charter. In accordance with the procedures agreed at the conference, the China delegation was the first to sign. At noon, Dong Biwu wrote his name on the charter with a brush. Representatives of all countries signed the charter, and Poland later signed the charter. The 51 countries that signed the Charter became founding members of the United Nations. On October 24, most of the signatories, including the United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union, and France, submitted instruments of ratification. The Charter came into effect and the United Nations was officially established. According to the Charter, the purposes of the United Nations are to "maintain international peace and security","develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples" and "carry out international cooperation." All member states of the United Nations enjoy equal voting rights. The permanent core body of the United Nations is the Security Council, which has the right to take necessary measures and actions in accordance with the United Nations Charter. The United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union and France are permanent members of the Security Council. When deciding major issues, the Security Council adopts the principle of unanimity among the five permanent members, that is, all five permanent members enjoy the right of veto. The United Nations headquarters is located in New York, USA. Dong Biwu attended the United Nations Constitutional Convention in 1945. Historical development The name "United Nations" was conceived by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The name was first used when the United Nations Declaration was issued on January 1, 1942. During World War II, representatives from 26 countries promised that their governments would continue to fight together against the Axis Powers. Initially, relevant countries established international organizations in order to cooperate on specific matters. For example, the International Telegraph Union was established in 1865 and later renamed the International Telecommunication Union; the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874. Today, both organizations are specialized agencies of the United Nations. In 1899, the first International Peace Conference was held in The Hague, the Netherlands. The purpose of this meeting is to formulate documents and compile rules of war aimed at the peaceful resolution of crises and the prevention of war. The Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes was adopted at the meeting, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration was established in accordance with the Convention. The Permanent Court of Arbitration began its work in 1902. The predecessor of the United Nations was the "League of Nations". The organization was conceived in the context of the First World War, which was similar to the Second World War. The League of Nations was established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles, with the purpose of "promoting international cooperation and achieving world peace and security." The International Labor Organization, also established in 1919 under the Peace of Versailles, is an affiliate of the League of Nations. Failure to prevent the outbreak of World War II, the League of Nations subsequently suspended all its activities. On June 12, 1941, the Alliance Declaration "cooperates with other free peoples for this purpose in war and peace." The Alliance Declaration was the first in a series of steps leading to the establishment of the United Nations, signed in London, England on June 12, 1941. On August 14, 1941, U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill proposed a series of principles for international cooperation in maintaining world peace and security. The document was signed at a meeting on board the battleship HMS Prince of Wales,"somewhere in the Atlantic", and was known as the Atlantic Charter. On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 allied countries opposed to the Axis met in Washington and signed the United Nations Declaration to express their approval of the Atlantic Charter. For the first time, this document formally adopted President Roosevelt's term "United Nations." On October 30, 1943, in the declaration signed by the Moscow and Tehran Conference in Moscow on October 30, 1943, the governments of the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and China called for the early establishment of an international institution to maintain world peace and security. At the Tehran Conference on December 1, 1943, leaders from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom reaffirmed this goal. From September 21, 1944 to October 7, 1944, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held at a meeting called Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., where the United Nations blueprint was first outlined. After a two-stage meeting that lasted from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China reached agreement on the goals, structure and functions of establishing a world organization. At a follow-up meeting in Yalta on February 11, 1945, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Prime Minister Stalin declared their determination to establish "an international institution to maintain world peace and security." On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco to participate in the United Nations Conference on International Organizations. Delegates drafted a 111-article charter, which was unanimously approved at the San Francisco Opera House on June 25. Delegates signed the charter the next day at the Herbst Theater at the Veterans War Memorial. On October 24, 1945, with the approval of the five permanent members of the Security Council and the majority of signatories, the United Nations Charter officially came into effect and the United Nations was formally established. On January 10, 1946, the first UN General Assembly meeting was held on January 10, 1946 in Westminster Central Hall, London, with 51 countries attending. On January 17, 1946, members of the United Nations Security Council held their first meeting in London and adopted the Security Council's rules of procedure. On January 24, 1946, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the first resolution. Its main focus: the peaceful use of atomic energy and the elimination of atomic weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. On February 1, 1946, Trygv Rey of Norway was appointed as the first Secretary-General of the United Nations. On October 24, 1947, the UN General Assembly officially established "United Nations Day". In May 1948, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was the first peacekeeping operation established by the United Nations. On December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris. Since then, December 10 has become International Human Rights Day every year to commemorate it. On January 7, 1949, the efforts of United Nations Special Envoy Ralph Bunch led to a truce between the newly established Israel and Arab countries. On October 24, 1949, a groundbreaking ceremony was held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. On April 7, 1953, the United Nations General Assembly nominated Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General of the United Nations. In 1954, the United Nations Refugee Agency won the Nobel Peace Prize for its contribution to refugee affairs in Europe, the first of two Nobel Prizes it won. On November 1, 1956, the General Assembly held its first emergency special session to discuss the Suez Canal crisis. On November 5, the meeting decided to establish the first United Nations peacekeeping force-the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF). On November 7, 1956, the first emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly was held on November 5, 1956. It discussed the Suez Canal Crisis and decided to establish the first United Nations peacekeeping force, the United Nations Emergency Force. In September 1960, 17 newly independent countries (16 of which were African countries) joined the United Nations. This has been the largest increase in Member States in the year. On September 18, 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, was unfortunately killed in a plane crash on his way to Congo on official business. He was posthumously awarded the 1961 Nobel Peace Prize. On November 3, 1961, the United Nations General Assembly nominated U Thant as Secretary-General of the United Nations. On August 7, 1963, the Security Council voted to impose a voluntary arms embargo on South Africa. On March 4, 1964, the Security Council approved the dispatch of peacekeeping troops to Cyprus. In 1965, UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. On October 27, 1966, the United Nations General Assembly stripped South Africa of its rule over South West Africa (Namibia). On December 16, 1966, the Security Council imposed mandatory sanctions on Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). On November 22, 1967, after the Six-Day War in the Middle East, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242 (1967) after lengthy negotiations. On June 12, 1968, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and called on all countries to ratify it. January 4, 1969: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. In 1969, the International Labor Organization was awarded the 1969 Nobel Peace Prize. On October 25, 1971, the United Nations General Assembly voted to restore the legal seat of the People's Republic of China. On December 22, 1971, the United Nations General Assembly nominated Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General of the United Nations. In June 1972, the first United Nations Environment Assembly was held in Stockholm, Sweden. This meeting led to the establishment of the United Nations Environment Program headquartered in Nairobi. On November 13, 1974, the United Nations General Assembly recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization as "the only legitimate representative of the Palestinian people." On November 4, 1977, the Security Council approved a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa. From May to June 1978, the United Nations General Assembly held its first special session on disarmament issues. On December 18, 1979, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which includes political, economic, social, cultural and civil values. On May 8, 1980, three years after the last case of smallpox was reported, the World Health Organization officially declared smallpox extinct. In 1981, the United Nations Refugee Agency won the Nobel Peace Prize for the second time in providing assistance to Asian refugees. On November 25, 1981, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. On December 10, 1982, 117 countries and two entities signed the new United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Convention stipulates in the form of regulations the definition of marine zoning and national coastlines, the rights of navigation on the high seas and the rights and obligations of other countries and coastlines, the obligations to protect the marine environment, cooperation in marine research and the sustainable development of the utilization of marine living resources. In December 1984, humanitarian food distribution to African children was established by then-United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuellar, a United Nations Office for Emergency Operations in Africa to help coordinate famine relief efforts. On December 10, 1984, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. In September 1987, thanks to the efforts of the United Nations Environment Program, the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, also known as the Montreal Convention, was signed. This convention is considered a follow-up to the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. In 1988, the United Nations peacekeeping force was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. There were seven peacekeeping or observation missions in operation at the time. In April 1989, the United Nations Transition Assistance Group was dispatched throughout Namibia to observe South Africa's withdrawal and provide electoral assistance. On September 2, 1990, the Convention on the Rights of the Child entered into force in 1990 as international law. From September 29 to 30, 1990, UNICEF held the World Summit for Children, attended by 71 heads of state and government. The meeting adopted the Action Plan. On December 31, 1991, through the good offices of the Secretary-General, El Salvador and the National Liberation Front signed an agreement at United Nations Headquarters. On January 31, 1992, the Security Council held its first Security Council summit meeting in New York, attended by all 15 member states. At the meeting, the Secretary-General issued a report entitled "An Agenda for Peace." In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) was held in Rio de Janeiro and adopted an action plan for sustainable development-Agenda 21. The successful holding of the Earth Summit will help enhance public awareness of the environment, that is, economic development policies must consider environmental and social needs. On April 27, 1993, under United Nations verification, more than 98.5% of registered voters participated in a referendum, and Eritrea declared independence. Eritrea subsequently joined the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity. From April 26 to 29, 1994, elections were held in South Africa under the supervision of 2527 staff members of the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa deployed across South Africa. On May 25, the Security Council lifted the arms embargo and other restrictions on South Africa. On June 23, South Africa returned to the United Nations General Assembly 24 years after being suspended from its seat in the General Assembly. From October 22 to 24, 1995, heads of state and government attended a special commemorative conference held at United Nations Headquarters, bringing the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations to a climax. On September 10, 1996, the General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. This is a turning point in the history of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. On September 24, the treaty was opened for signature. On December 17, 1996, the General Assembly appointed by acclamation Kofi Annan from Ghana as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations for a term of office from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2001. On October 24, 2005, the United Nations celebrated its 60th anniversary. On October 13, 2006, the General Assembly nominated Ban Ki-moon as Secretary-General of the United Nations. On May 3, 2008, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities entered into force. This is the first international human rights treaty discussed with the participation of civil society. On January 12, 2010, an earthquake measuring 7 on the Richter scale occurred in Haiti, killing 300,000 people and leaving the country devastated. In this severe disaster, 101 United Nations peacekeepers were unfortunately killed. On July 2, 2010, the General Assembly created UN Women, which is responsible for gender equality and women's empowerment. On June 21, 2011, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution on June 21, appointing Ban Ki-moon for a second term as Secretary-General of the United Nations for a second term starting from January 1, 2012 and ending on December 31, 2016.