On this day, 71 years ago, May 18, 1954 (April 16, 1954 in the lunar calendar), the European Convention on Human Rights entered into force. The European Convention on Human Rights is also known as the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Signed in Rome on November 4, 1950 under the auspices of the Council of Europe. Effective September 3, 1953. As of 1 January 1997, there were 34 States parties. It is the first regional international human rights treaty. It provides for the collective protection and enforcement of certain rights and fundamental freedoms set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. After the Second World War, Western European countries, under the trend of European unity, established the Council of Europe in order to safeguard and realize the ideals and principles that are the common heritage of European countries, promote economic and social progress and seek greater unity among countries. All member states have signed the Convention in order to safeguard and further realize human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Convention has 5 chapters and 66 articles. The Convention stipulates that: States parties shall obtain the rights and freedoms set out in Section 1 of this Convention for everyone within their jurisdiction (Article 1); the right to life of anyone shall be protected by law (Article 2); no one shall be subjected to torture or subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Article 3); no one shall be kept in slavery or subjected to slavery (Article 4); and everyone has the right to liberty and security of person (Article 5); In determining a person's civil rights and obligations or in determining any criminal charge against a person, anyone has the right... to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law; presumption of innocence (article 6); non-retroactivity of criminal law (article 7); everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; Everyone has the right to freedom of speech and everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association (arts. 8, 9, 10 and 11); men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and found a family in accordance with relevant domestic laws (art. 12). In addition, the Convention emphasizes that anyone has the right to seek effective remedies from national authorities if his rights and freedoms under this Convention are violated, even if the violation is committed by a person in a public capacity; Everyone shall be guaranteed the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms enumerated in the Convention without discrimination based on gender, race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status (arts. 13, 14). The European Convention on Human Rights provides for the establishment of the European Commission on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights to ensure the effective implementation of the Convention. From 1950 to 1992, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe drafted 10 protocols to the European Convention on Human Rights.