158 years ago today, on June 19, 1867 (May 18, 1867, the lunar calendar), Mexican Emperor Maximilano I was executed by shooting. On June 19, 1867, Mexican Emperor Maximilano I was convicted of subverting the Republic's "father of Impressionism". Manet has a famous work,"Execution of Maximilano", whose full name is "Shooting of Mexican Emperor Maximilano". News of Maximilano's death reached Paris at the end of June 1867. The World's Fair is being held there, and the Mexican exhibits on display still bear the symbols of Mexico's Second Empire, and the person who signed the power of attorney has died. As a contemporary of Maximilano, Manet created a set of oil paintings with the same title based on his death. The accompanying picture is one of them, which shows the moment when the Mexican emperor and his two generals Miramon and Mesira were shot and fell to the ground. What is slightly different from reality is that when Maximiliano faced the firing squad, he had already taken off his hat and handed it to the chef he brought from Europe-please, please give this to my mother, and please tell her that I miss her until my death. "The Execution of Maximilano" was once again rejected by Sharon because of its sensitive subject matter. In fact, Manet devoted a lot of effort to it and changed its manuscript several times with great effort. "The Execution of Massimiliano" Collected by the Mannheim Art Museum, Germany At 3 a.m. on Wednesday, June 19, 1867, a firing squad escorted the emperor and two of his generals Miguel Miramon and Thomas Mesilla to the execution. The emperor wore a black uniform and wore the Golden Fleece Medal, inherited by the Habsburg family from the Golden Fleece Knights of the Duchy of Burgundy. After celebrating Mass for the emperor, the priest was escorted to the execution ground of Croche Heights in Queretaro. He gave his hat to his Hungarian chef and said to him: "Give this to my mother. Please tell her that I still miss her on my deathbed. The emperor shook hands with the members of the firing squad one by one, and then stood in front of the low wall a few meters away from them. "I will forgive the world," the emperor said loudly."I hope the world will forgive me. For the benefit of the country, I am willing to shed my blood. Long live Mexico! Long live independence!" The execution team raised the command sword. "The children are aiming, aiming straight ahead!" The emperor shouted while pointing to his chest. The gunshot sounded and the emperor fell. Someone heard him whisper: "My God! (Hombre!)¡±Maximiliano I (July 6, 1832-June 19, 1867) was born in Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, formerly known as Ferdinand Maximilien Joseph von Habsburg-Lorraine. The second son of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria and Princess Sophie of the Wittelsbach family of Bavaria, and the younger brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I. He was the Archduke of Austria. On April 10, 1864, at the instigation of French Emperor Napoleon III, he accepted the throne of Mexico and became known as the Mexican Emperor Maximilian I (also known as Maximilian I). Maximilian was very intelligent when he was a child and showed a strong interest in art and was also quite interested in science, especially botany. He later joined the Navy and was quickly promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Navy due to his enthusiasm for the cause and his important role in the construction of the Military Port of Trieste and the Italian War. He's a liberal. In February 1857, he was appointed Governor of Lombardy and Venice. Maximilian married Princess Charlotte, daughter of King Leopold I of Belgium, on July 21, 1857. After their marriage, they lived in Milan as Austrian regents there until 1859, when Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I dismissed him as regent. Because the emperor was very dissatisfied with his liberal policies in Italy. Soon after, the Habsburgs lost their territory in Italy. Maximilian then enjoyed his private life in the Miramar Castle in Trieste. In 1859, Maximilian came into contact with constitutional monarchies in Mexico, who wanted to choose a prince among the Catholic royal families in Europe to be the monarch of Mexico. He initially did not accept the plan, but became interested in the plants of tropical rainforests in Latin America. However, in 1862, France joined forces with Britain and Spain to invade Mexico in the name of "debt collection." Mexican President Juárez was defeated and was forced to retreat into the mountains. Mexico City was occupied by the French army. At the instigation of the French Emperor Napoleon III and his wife Charlotte (Later Queen Carlotta)'s desire to become queen, and a referendum without legal effect (news from Mexico shows that Juarez still has great influence in the country, and the political power of the monarchy is only concentrated in Mexico City and a small area around it; U.S. President Lincoln, who was going through the Civil War, also disagreed with Mexico becoming a monarchy after independence), Maximilian agreed to accept the Mexican throne in 1863. The decision was opposed by most members of the Habsburg family, costing him and his descendants the right to inherit the Austrian throne. On the first anniversary of his acceptance of the throne, Maximilian signed a liberal constitutional law-the Provisional Regulations of the Mexican Empire. Declaring Mexico to adopt a "moderate hereditary monarchy, with a Catholic prince," colleagues declared freedom of belief an important part of human rights. The "Emperor's Government" would ensure that "all residents of the empire were equal before the law." The Constitution also stipulates freedom of labor and explicitly prohibits bonded labor. Workers have the right to leave their place of employment at will, regardless of whether they owe debts to their employers, cancel all debts above 10 pesos, limit working hours and use of child labor, and prohibit corporal punishment of workers. In order to compete with the shops of the Grand Manor, vendors were allowed to enter the Grand Manor to sell goods to bonded farmers. Finally, restore the rights of Indian communities to own property and give community land to villages that do not have community land. Compared with the previous Constitution of 1857, these provisions seem more conducive to protecting the interests of the lower classes of society. 1865 1/4 gold coin of Maximilano I of Mexico In 1866, Napoleon III began to gradually withdraw troops from Mexico due to domestic resistance and opposition from the United States. The withdrawal of the French army was a huge shock to the Mexican royal family. Queen Carlotta returned to Europe, lobbied everywhere against French withdrawal, and sought aid in Paris, Vienna, and Rome. Her efforts failed and she never returned to Mexico. The emperor refused to leave his followers. In February 1867, the emperor retreated to Queretaro and made it his capital. After weeks of siege, he was arrested on May 11 while trying to break through the blockade. He was sentenced to execution by a military court in Mexico on charges of subversion of the Republic of Mexico. After learning the news, European monarchs, U.S. President Andrew Johnson, and even democrats such as Hugo and Garibaldi all wrote to Juarez asking him not to shoot the emperor, which was opposed by Juarez.