164 years ago today, on August 19, 1861 (July 14, 1861 in the lunar calendar), the main force of the Dacheng rebellion suffered a severe setback. The picture shows the ruins of the Dacheng Palace. On August 19, 1861, the main force of the Dacheng rebellion suffered a severe setback. From June 1854 (the fourth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty) to May 1864 (the third year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty), an armed uprising led by the Guangdong-Guangzhou Heaven and Earth Society against the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. In the Opium War, with the increasingly acute ethnic and class contradictions, more and more poor farmers and handicraftsmen, small traders, boat people, and unemployed people in Guangdong and Guangxi joined the Heaven and Earth Society and embarked on the road of anti-Qing struggle. Inspired by the victories of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, starting in June 1854, He Liu, Chen Kai, Li Wenmao, and others led the Tiandi Congregation in Guangzhou to revolt one after another. The storm of uprising quickly swept across Guangdong Province, and within a few months, dozens of counties in Fuzhou were conquered, and the team grew to hundreds of thousands of people. With the political slogan of anti-Qing restoration as a political slogan, the uprising army called on people with lofty ideals across the country to raise the banner of uprising and overthrow the Qing government. However, the various uprising armies did not have a solid military alliance, nor did they form a unified leadership core. Coupled with a lack of combat experience, the uprising was soon broken by the Qing army. The rebellion army led by Chen Kai and Li Wenmao resolutely carried out a strategic shift in the face of the long-term attack on Guangzhou and the bloody suppression of the rebellion armies in various places. In late May 1855, they traced the Xijiang River and marched towards Guangxi, where the ruling power of the Qing Dynasty was relatively weak. On September 27, they captured the capital city of Xunzhou (now Guiping) in Guangxi, established the "Dacheng Kingdom", changed the Yuan "Hongde", changed Xunzhou to Xiujing, and changed the hair and clothing, promulgated regulations, set up separate officials, opened the furnace and cast money, and actively carried out regime building. After that, Dacheng became the center of the uprising of the Guangxi Heaven and Earth Society. In view of the lack of food for the Guangxi soldiers, the governor of Guangxi, Lao Chongguang, had to passively defend, and the rebellion army took the opportunity to develop. In early October, Li Wenmao and Liang Peiyou led their troops to conquer Gui County (now Guigang City), and the local rebel army leaders Huang Quanyi and Huang Dingfenghe were active in Hengzhou (now Hengxian County) and Yongchun (now Luancheng City). Li Wencai led his troops to participate in the Dacheng Rebellion Army. By October 1856, the rebellion army had conquered Wuxuan, Pingnan and other places, and initially opened up a base area centered on Xunzhou. In the same month, Chen Kai divided the kings: Li Wenmao was the king of Pingjing and the director of land routes, Liang Peiyou was the king of Pingdong and the director of waterways, Qu Run was the king of Pingxi, and Liang Chang was the king of Dingbei. Chen Kai called himself the king of Zhennan, and later changed his name to the king of Pingxun. Then Li Wenmao led his troops to attack Liuzhou to the north, Liang Peiyou led his troops to attack Wuzhou to the east, and Qu Run and Liang Chang led their troops to develop westward, further expanding the base area. In November, Li Wenmao led his troops to attack Liuzhou from Xiangzhou to the north, and occupied the main pass outside the city on the 12th, completing the siege of Liuzhou City. Lao Chongguang hurriedly dispatched reinforcements. The uprising army blocked assistance while stepping up the siege. On March 15, 1857, Liuzhou was captured. Then Liancheng, Luocheng, Qingyuan (now Yishan), and Rongxian (now Rongshui) controlled Liuzhou and Qingyuan, and opened up the channel to contact the Miao people uprising army in Guizhou. At the same time, Liang Chang, Qu Run, and others led their troops westward, and in February of the same year, they went down to Hengzhou in April, and traced the Yongjiang River to attack Nanning in May. The defenders abandoned the city and fled, but the insurgent army won the city without a fight. Liang Peiyou planned to clear the Pingnan regiment for training and then attack Wuzhou eastward. Unfortunately, he was killed by the artillery on April 3. The headquarters was led by Chen Kai and continued to advance eastward. On June 22, the siege of Wuzhou was completed. On July 28, the Qing army's Guangdong Navy, which had reinforced Wuzhou in the Guangdong capital (now Yunan), devastated the 5,000 green battalion soldiers who came to assist, leaving the Wuzhou defenders in a desperate situation. On September 27, the insurgent army conquered Wuzhou City. So far, the Dacheng rebellion army has grown to hundreds of thousands of people, and has successively captured 7 prefectures such as Xunzhou, Wuzhou, Liuzhou, Nanning, Qingyuan, Sien, and Pingle, as well as more than 30 prefectures and counties, controlling more than half of Guangxi. As the rebellion army successfully developed, the Qing army was also preparing for a large-scale counterattack. In June 1857, Hunan Governor Luo Bingzhang sent more than 3,600 people from the Hunan army to Guangxi, and arrived in Guilin in September. The Guangdong authorities added warships, hired Zhuangyong, and drew up a new reinforcements plan. In October of that year, Nanning was captured by the local regiment training, and District Run and Liang Chang led their troops to retreat to Lingshan. After the infighting, Liang was captured by the regiment training, and the district was killed by his subordinates. The main leaders of the Dacheng Kingdom lacked a clear understanding of the above-mentioned changes in the situation. Not only did they not prepare for the large-scale attack of the Qing army, but they decided that Chen Kai would be the east road and Li Wenmao would be the west road. Zhang Gaoyou and Huang Liangji, who were in the northwest of Guangxi, would attack Guilin. In the spring of 1858, Li Wenmao led his troops north from Liuzhou and arrived at Suqiao, an important town in the southwest of Guilin. Chen Kai led his troops north from Wuzhou and entered Gui Fish Pond, which was at the junction of Lingui and Yangshuo, and was intercepted by the Hunan army. Chen and Li's two forwards were close by, but they failed to meet. In May, Wuzhou was violently attacked by the Cantonese army, and Chen Kai was forced to lead his troops back. Li Wenmao was defeated by the Hunan army's concentrated attack and retreated to Liuzhou. Since then, the situation has taken a sharp turn. The On the 30th, Guangdong Admiral Kunshou commanded the Cantonese army to capture Wuzhou City. The Hunan army on the northern line went south and captured Liuzhou on June 24. A few months later, Li Wenmao died in the Huaiyuan Mountains. In November of the same year, the main force of the Hunan army of Jiang Yili's army attacked the Chen Jingang rebellion army of He County. Chen Kai took advantage of the emptiness of Liuzhou's army and recovered Liuzhou, Liucheng, Rong County and other places in one fell swoop, and took in Li Wenmao's old army. However, Chen Kai failed to support Chen Jingang's army eastward in time, resulting in the failure of the Allied forces and the isolation of the Dacheng rebellion army. In the autumn of 1859, Shi Dakai led more than 200,000 Taiping troops into Guangxi, and captured Qingyuan in October, which brought an opportunity for Dacheng to turn the tide of the war. However, in order to fight for leadership, Chen Kai did not cooperate with the Taiping Army, resulting in the defeat of the Qing army. In January 1860, Liuzhou fell again. On August 19, 1861, after the battle of Dongdanzhu in Pingnan City, the elite of the uprising army was lost. On the 21st, Xunzhou fell. After Chen Kai withdrew from Xunzhou, he was captured in Hengzhou and later revolted in Xunzhou. The rest of the uprising army was led by Huang Dingfeng, Duke of Long, and continued to fight against the Qing until his defeat in Xiaoping Tianzhai, Guxian County in May 1864. Comment: The Dachengguo uprising, which occupied most of Guangxi and persisted in the anti-Qing struggle for 10 years, was the largest in the previous Tiandi uprisings and dealt the heaviest blow to the Qing Dynasty.