114 years ago today, December 20, 1911 (November 1, 1911 in the lunar calendar), the Manzhouli boundary treaty. 1900-1905 In 1989, Manzhouli was originally a border town, formerly known as Holkin Prague, and was the seat of Kalun, a border post of the Qing government. In 1895, in order to achieve the purpose of invading northeastern China, the Tsarist Russian government extended the Siberian railway to northeastern China and signed the "Sino-Russian Secret Treaty" with Li Hongzhang, a representative of the Qing government, forcing the Qing government to allow Russia to build a "Dongqing Railway" connecting the Tsarist Russia and Wusuri Railway from Chita through northeastern China. In 1901, the "Dongqing Railway" established a railway station in Holkin Prague and named it "Manzhouli". In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Movement broke out in our country. Tsarist Russia and the eight-power allied forces of Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Austria launched an armed invasion of our country in the name of protecting embassies and expatriates. On July 15, tsarist Russia invaded China from Manchuria and occupied the three northeastern provinces. It plundered and massacred everywhere, and was burdened with blood debts. On February 10, 1904, the "Japanese-Russian War" broke out on China's territory to divide Northeast China. The Russians were defeated and Japan and Russia signed the Peace Treaty of Portsmouth. The Japanese replaced the Russians 'dominant position in Manchuria. In 1911, tsarist Russia forced the Manchurian and Qing government to sign the "China-Russia Manzhouli Boundary Agreement" and forcibly occupied a large area of territory in my country's Manzhouli region. 1900-1905 Manchuria in 1900 - 1905 Manchuria in 1900 - 1905 Manzhouli in 1905 In 1901, Manzhouli Station Zhanqian Hotel, 3 kilometers away from the Sino-Russian border 1901 Manzhouli Station Zhanqian Street Manzhouli Boundary Treaty Signatories: China, Russia Time and Place: December 20, 1911, the first day of November of the third year of Xuantong, December 7, 1911, the Russian Calendar, Qiqihar. Introduction to the Treaty The water and land boundaries adjacent to Russia in the northeastern part of China's Inner Mongolia region were delineated by the 1689 Sino-Russian Nibchu Treaty and the 1727 Sino-Russian Abahitu Boundary Treaty. However, with the expansion of Tsarist Russia's aggressive forces, border disputes in this area have increased day by day, and incidents of Russians illegally crossing the border and occupying China land have occurred frequently. In order to prevent Tsarist Russia from expanding its aggression, the Qing government sent a note to the Tsarist Russian government in 1909, proposing that both sides send personnel to meet to inspect the border. In April 1910, Russia agreed to the Qing government's proposal. In May 1910, the Qing government appointed Song Xiaolian of Hulun Province in Heilongjiang Province as a demarcation committee member, and held a meeting with Rudanov, a tsarist and Russian demarcation committee member, in Manzhouli. The meeting lasted for three months and held more than 10 meetings, and decided to survey the water boundary first and then the land boundary. Since China and Russia have not met for a long time, the land and land borders in Manzhouli have silted up, and the ports and rivers are divided; the land borders have been destroyed and the boundaries are unclear; moreover, the provisions of the Old Testament are simple and there are no maps at that time to rely on. These objective factors have become an excuse for tsarist Russia to arbitrarily occupy China territory. Regarding waterways, Russia denied the treaty, insisting that rivers had been diverted westward in history, insisting that the right bank branch was the old course of the Erguna River, and wanted to transfer Zhongzhouzhu of many rivers near the coast of China into Russia. When surveying land boundary sites, Russia often stays far away from the historically accustomed border lines and goes deep into China for a border point for more than ten or dozens of miles. It is far-fetched to point out that a certain place is a boundary point defined in the Old Testament, and uses force to intimidate and coerce China to recognize it. Song Xiaolian refuted it based on reason and protested against Russia's threat of force. However, the Qing government blindly adopted a compromise attitude towards Tsarist Russia's intention to invade, lest the negotiations break down. In May 1911 (the third year of Xuantong), the Qing government sent Zhou Shumo, governor of Heilongjiang, as the minister of the Sino-Russian border survey to negotiate with Russian representative Bodhirov in Qiqihar. Before the meeting, tsarist Russia sent more troops several times near the Manchuria border to threaten force. During the meeting, Russia demanded that Manzhouli be transferred to Russia, but Zhou Shumo argued hard and resolutely refused to allow it. Russia also proposed that China should make concessions in other parts of the land and land borders as a condition for Russia not to invade Manchuria. On December 20, Zhou Shumo was forced to sign the "Manzhouli Boundary Agreement" with Russia. At this time, the Revolution of 1911 had broken out and the Qing Dynasty was about to fall. In view of this, Tsarist Russia notified the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty that the boundary agreement "does not need to be approved by the two governments, and the governments regard it as completely concluded." The "Manzhouli Boundary Treaty" quickly became a "final decision". There are two articles in the "Manzhouli Boundary Agreement". The main content is: China and Russia re-establish the boundary from the 58th boundary point of Talbagandahu to the 63rd boundary point of Abagaitu, and along the Erguna River, to the border where the river meets Heilongjiang. This boundary negotiation was supposed to be in accordance with the provisions of the Old Testament, and both parties should jointly survey the land and land boundaries. However, the result completely exceeded the scope of the survey and the provisions of the Old Testament, resulting in the location of the newly established boundary points and the boundary of waterways inconsistent with the Old Testament. All six boundary points on the land boundary moved southward, causing China to lose hundreds of square kilometers of land. Although the waterway is specified in the boundary agreement to be bounded by the Arguna River, the right bank should belong to many continents in China, but it was assigned to Russia under the pretext of the fictitious "Old Channel of the Arguna River." The Manzhouli Boundary Treaty revised the Old Testament in favor of Russia and redrew the national boundaries accordingly. It was an unequal treaty that undermined China's territorial sovereignty and was also the last border treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty that lost power. The original text of the treaty was December 20, 1911, the first day of November the third year of Xuantong, and the Russian calendar was December 7, 1911, Qiqihar. China and Russia re-determined the general plan for the national border from the 58th boundary point of Talbagandahu to the 63rd boundary point of Abagaitu, and along the Ergune River to the meeting between the river and Heilongjiang (Amur). His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Qing Dynasty and His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Great Russia were specially dispatched by their own governments. Zhou, Governor of Heilongjiang, appointed by the Qing Dynasty to investigate the Sino-Russian border, and Bodhirov, appointed by the Great Russia, each had special privileges and was very compromise. They negotiated and established the case on behalf of their own governments, and it was clear below: 1. The China-Russia land boundary line from the 58th boundary point of Talbagandahu to the 63rd boundary point of Abagaitu was subsequently followed by October 18, the third year of Xuantong, that is, November 25, 1911, the second agreement was made in Qiqihar City and the exchange chart attached to this case. It was believed that after the following points, this boundary point was all the same as the name contained in the Abagaitu Boundary Agreement (Exchange of Credential) in the fifth year of the Chinese and Yongzheng Calendar, that is, the year of the Russian Calendar, 1727. There is a straight line between every two boundary points. Its boundary is determined by the red line drawn on the interchange map, starting from the 58th boundary point to the 63rd boundary point, following the Dhalan Oromu River, and ending at the Ergune River. The points from all walks of life are listed as left: A, Talbagandahu, the 58th boundary point, which is located on the 12-mile and 6/4 due south of the top of Talbagandahu Mountain, that is, 6versts and 312 sand ropes, that is, on the grassland covering 7,220 meters to 016. B. Chahan 'ora, the fifty-ninth boundary point, is thirteen and five miles northwest of the north bank of Haranur Lake, that is, seven versts and sixty sand ropes, that is, the height of 7,760 meters to 08. C., Tabuntoro Sea, the 60th boundary point, is adjacent to Jinyuanbian Fort, which is Genghis Khan Border Fort, and is located in the northwest of the north bank of Chahannuer Lake, and is located at seven miles and four points, or four versts, or 4,360 meters. Ding and Soktu, the 61st boundary point, is located in the north of Jiuhuali, the landlord of Manzhouli Station on the Dongqing Railway, which is 450 sand ropes in four versts, which is 5,341 meters high. It is also located in the south of Jinyuanbian Fort (i.e. Genghis Khan Border Fort) one mile and five minutes, and 400 sand ropes in Russia, which is 872 meters high. The sixty-second boundary point of the fifth and Erdenitoro Sea is on the north slope of the four peaks, that is, 24 miles and 4 cents southeast of the 61st boundary point of Soktu, that is, 12 versts and 400 sand ropes, that is, 13,952 meters away. VI, Abagaitu, the 63rd boundary point, is located in Dhalan Elomu, that is, the west bank of the Puludok River in Mutewei, and is located at twelve miles and two points southwest of Abagaitu Otun, that is, 600 li and 300 sand ropes, that is, 7,194 meters away, that is, in the China name Abagaitu and the Russian name of Liuhuali and 5 minutes south of the west of the cross mountain, that is, 3,715 meters away. 2. The waterways boundary between China and Russia starts from the Estuary of the Ergune River, where the river meets the Amur River in Heilongjiang, to the 63rd boundary point of Abagaitu. In accordance with the 28th year of Kangxi in the Chinese calendar, i.e., 1,689 years of the Russian calendar, the Treaty of Nibachu, and the third year of Xuantong in the Chinese calendar and 1,911 years of the Russian calendar. The first and third agreements are still based on the Ergune River. According to the first and third agreements, all the continents in the Ergune River have been peacefully divided into China and Russia as follows: All detailed measures for the national boundary issues from the 58th boundary point to the 63rd boundary point and from the Ergune River Estuary to the 63rd boundary point will be agreed on in the first, second and third sessions (omitted), and will be clearly defined in the exchange plan and the list attached to the plan. These proposals and charts have been signed and stamped by the ministers of China and Russia. Their effect is the same as this general plan and should be observed by each other. On the first day of November, the third year of Xuantong in the Chinese calendar, and on the seventh day of December, the 1911 year of the Russian calendar, it was fixed in Qiqihar City. Two copies in Chinese and two Russian will be signed and exchanged with seals by the ministers of the two countries, so that Chinese and Russian records can be stored on both sides. The Imperial Commission of the Qing Dynasty investigates the Sino-Russian Border Minister, Governor of Heilongjiang, Zhou Da, the Imperial Commission of the Russian Imperial Commission of the Communist Party of China, the first day of November, the third year of Xuantong, the first day of November, the first day of December, the 1911 year of the Russian calendar, Qiqihar City