Roman Republic (19th century)

The Roman Republic was a short-lived (four-month) state established in February 1849, when the Papal States were overthrown by Carlo Armellini, Guzeppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi.

According to the Constitution of the Roman Republic, all religions were free, and the Pope had the right to govern the Catholic Church.

At that time, Judaism was legal under the Papal States, and Jews carried on the traditions of Judaism. But Jews were still discriminated against and opposed in many ways; all other religions (except Catholicism and Judaism) were banned.

In addition, the Constitution of the Republic of Rome was the first constitution in the world to abolish the death penalty.

historical process

On November 15, 1848, Pellegrino Rossi, Minister of Justice of the Papal State, was assassinated. The next day, residents of Rome filled the streets, with small groups demanding a democratic government, social reform and a declaration of war with the Austrian Empire. Pope Pius IX quickly left Rome disguised as an ordinary priest and reached Gaeta, a fortress of The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Rome suddenly lost its government, and the people decided to issue a government election on January 21, 1849. Since the Pope banned Catholics from voting in the election, the victory of the election favored the Republicans.

On February 8, 1849, the Constitutional Assembly declared the formal establishment of the Roman Republic.

After news broke of the Piedmontese's defeat at the Battle of Novara, the Congress declared three men in power, Carlo Armellini, Mattia Montecchi, and Aurelio Saliceti, led by Muzzarelli and organized by Aurelio Saffi.

Under the rule of the Roman Republic, the Pope had the right to continue to assume his role as head of the Roman Church. The three-man ruling passage also eliminated heavy taxes and created new jobs for the unemployed.

The Italian patriot and soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi organized the "Italian Army", which consisted of many new recruits/volunteers from the Venetian and Lombard languages of the foothills and Austrian territories. He assembled about a thousand soldiers and landed in Marsala, western Sicily, Italy, on May 11. Giuseppe Garibaldi defeated an enemy army on May 13. The next day, he proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily under the name of Vittorio Emmanuel II.

On May 27, Guzeppe Garibaldi besieged the city of Palermo, the capital of Sicily.

Guizeppe Garibaldi had the support of many Sicilians, so the local residents rebelled against the Sicilian army defending the city.

Roman Republic (18th century)

The 18th century Roman Republic was a short-lived country that existed from 1798 to 1800.

On March 7, 1798, France invaded the Papal State of Rome and established the new Roman Republic, in part in retaliation for the murder of French general Mathurin-Léonard Duphot the previous year.

Pope Pius VI was deported to France and died in 1799, when the Tiberina Republic was incorporated into the Roman Republic.

In June 1800, the Papal State was re-established and the Roman Republic came to an end.