612 years ago today, on March 3, 1413 (February 2, 1413 lunar calendar), the Ming Dynasty "reformed the soil and returned to the flow" on a large scale. On the second day of March in the 11th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (March 3, 1413), the Ming Dynasty court took the lead in abolishing the Xuanconsolation Division of Sizhou and Sinan in Tongren and other places, and established Guizhou Province, which pioneered China's large-scale "reformed the soil and returned to the flow" (that is, changed the rule of the Tusi to the governance of the imperial court). The contradictions between the imperial court and the border minorities in the three provinces of Hunan, Guizhou and Sichuan became increasingly acute. During the years of Ming Xuande, orthodoxy, Chenghua, Hongzhi, Zhengde, Jiajing and Wanli, the resistance struggles of the border minorities in the three provinces never stopped. The rebel armies of the ethnic minorities attacked the cities and subjugated the mansions, kidnapped the officials and seized the seals, which made the rulers overwhelmed. The chieftains were the leaders of the original ethnic groups, and the local officials were appointed by the central government. Changing the land and returning to the flow is conducive to eliminating the backwardness of the chieftain system, and at the same time strengthening the central government's rule over some areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the southwest. The chieftain system was developed on the basis of the county system in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Its essence was "governing the natives with the local officials", recognizing the hereditary leadership status of various ethnic minorities and giving them official titles for indirect rule. In fact, the edicts of the central court of the imperial court were not really implemented. Some local officials, due to hereditary reasons, wantonly tortured and killed the people to infestation the border. "The Han people were destroyed by it, and the bar In order to solve the accumulated problems of the division of the chieftains that had been going on for a long time, the monarchs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties had already begun to brew and solve this problem. There were generally two methods for changing the land and returning to the flow: "One is to go from top to bottom, first change the land government, and then change the land state. The second is to seize all favorable opportunities to carry out it. If some local officials die out, no successor, or the clan fights and attacks, they will send the local officials to take over; the local officials kill each other, and after being pacified, they will send the local officials to take over; some local officials commit crimes, or after the anti-dynasty is suppressed, they will be dismissed for crimes and replaced by the local officials." When some local people applied to the feudal dynasty for "changing the land and returning to the flow", the dynasty used the so-called meaning of following the people to get rid of the