On this day 175 years ago, January 15, 1850 (December 3, 1849 lunar calendar), the first female academician of the Academy of Sciences, Sophia Kovalevskaya, was born. Sophia Kovalevskaya or Sophie Kovalevskaya (§³§à§æ§î§ñ§£§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ý§î§Ö§Ó§ß§Ñ§¬§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ£¬ January 15, 1850 - February 10, 1891), a Russian female mathematician. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Göttingen, Germany. Former professor at Stockholm University, Sweden. Important contributions to partial differential equations and rigid body rotation theory. In 1888, she won the Bautin Prize of the French Academy of Sciences for solving the problem of rotating a rigid body around a fixed point, and became a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. She was the first woman in Russian history and the first female scientist in world history to be awarded this title. Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow on January 15, 1850. Her father, Krukovsky, was a lieutenant general in the Russian army. Her grandfather was a descendant of the Hungarian king. He was an astronomer and mathematician who lost his position as a prince in order to marry a beautiful Bohemian woman who wandered around. Sophia spent her childhood and girlhood in the Grange of Balibono near the Lithuanian border. At the age of 8, Sophia's tutor discovered that she was particularly good at mathematics and was good at creating her own unique methods. As a teenager, Sophia often taught herself some advanced mathematical knowledge. In the autumn of 1866, at the age of 16, Sophia followed her parents to Petersburg. Here, she completed advanced mathematics under the guidance of the famous educator Stranolyubsky, but she could not enter university because women were not allowed to enter higher schools in Russia at the time. In order to be able to leave the authoritarian family, Kovalevskaya faked marriage with the paleontologist and geologist Kovalevsky in 1868. In 1869, she moved to Germany with her "husband" (later, due to their long time together and mutual understanding, they did marry). After overcoming many difficulties, Sophia finally entered the University of Heidelberg, where she studied mathematics under the mathematician Gönigsberg and attended the physics class of the great physicist Helmholtz. Gönigsberg often praised his teacher, the "father of mathematical analysis", which aroused Sophia's admiration for the mathematician, and she decided to go to Berlin. In 1870, at the age of 20, Sophia made an effort to Berlin and personally visited the world-famous mathematician, Vilstras. Due to Sophia's resolute attitude and innovative solutions to the problems that Wilstras used to do for top students, Wilstras, who originally did not advocate women in scientific research, squeezed out of her busy schedule every Sunday afternoon to give lectures to this girl alone in her own home. Under the careful training of Wilstras, Sophia felt the style of this scientific master, studied diligently, and gave full play to her mathematical talents. During her four years of study in Berlin, she not only completed all university courses, but also completed three important papers. These three papers made important contributions to the theory of partial differential equations, the Abel integral, and the study of the shape of Saturn's rings. In 1874, the University of Göttingen in Germany awarded her the degree of "Doctor of Philosophy with the highest honor", and Sophia became the first female doctor in mathematics in history. Sophia was 24 years old at the time. In 1874, Sophia returned to Russia, but the road to science for women was still not open in Russia at that time, and Sophia could not find a job at any higher school. She had to give up her mathematical expertise and pursue literary and journalistic work. Sophia took every job seriously and produced literary results. She published excellent works such as the novel "Female Nihilist" and the play "The Struggle for Happiness". At the end of 1879, at the suggestion of the famous Russian mathematician Chebyshev, Sophia gave a special report on the Abel integral at the Sixth Congress of Natural Scientists and Physicians in Russia, which was praised by the mathematicians present at the conference. In late 1880, Sophia came to Berlin again, conducted mathematical research under the guidance of Wilstras, and completed several research papers on the refraction of light. Unfortunately, in the spring of 1883, her husband committed suicide due to bankruptcy, and she bravely took on the burden of life. With the help of friends, she was hired as a lecturer at Stockholm University in 1883. The local newspaper Democracy reported her arrival with the following words: "Today we are not reporting the arrival of some vulgar prince... Madame Kovalevsky, the princess of science, is coming to our city, and she will be the first female lecturer in all of Sweden." The first year, she still taught partial differential equations in German, and the next year, she could teach in Swedish. During this time, she taught twelve courses in mathematics, mechanics, astronomy and other subjects. In 1889, she was appointed tenured professor at Stockholm University, becoming the first female professor in the world. During her tenure at Stockholm University, Sophia studied the problem of rigid bodies rotating around fixed points. The result was awarded the "Bautin Prize" in the 1888 Paris Academy of Sciences. In the evaluation, the judges considered that the paper gave a comprehensive solution to the subject in various situations and had high scientific value. They agreed to increase the original prize amount from 3,000 francs to 5,000 francs. Later, due to the improvement of the results, the work was rewarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1889. Despite Sophia's high status and honor in foreign countries, the tsarist government still did not allow her to return to work. With the efforts of a group of scholars led by Chebyshev, in November 1889, the Department of Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences officially adopted Sophia Kovalevskaya as a corresponding academician, the first female scientist in history to be awarded the title of academician of the Academy of Sciences. In the winter of 1890, Sophia returned to Russia, hoping to find a job in the country, but she was still unsuccessful. On the way back to Sweden, she suffered from pneumonia caused by a cold and never fell ill again. On February 10, 1891, the great female mathematician Sophia Kovalevskaya died in Stockholm at the age of 41.