On this day, 810 years ago, on June 15, 1215 (May 17, 1215, the lunar calendar), King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta. Part of the Magna Carta of Liberty On June 15, 1215, the British aristocrats coerced King John to sign the Magna Carta of Liberty. The document was written in Latin and had a total of 63 articles. Most of the provisions safeguard the rights of aristocrats and clergy. The main contents are: to protect the freedom to elect church clergy; to protect the inheritance rights of aristocrats and horsemen, the king is not allowed to collect inheritance rents in violation of regulations; without the consent of the "Royal Council", the king is not allowed to collect subsidies and shield money from directly affiliated vassals; The king's right to interfere in judicial trials in the feudal courts was abolished; the king was not allowed to arbitrarily arrest or imprison free people or confiscate their property without the judgment of his peers. In addition, a few provisions recognize the rights already enjoyed by cities, protect commercial freedom, unify weights and measures, etc. If the king violates the charter, a council of 25 nobles has the right to use force against the country. Later, during the British bourgeois revolution, Magna Carta was used as the legal basis for fighting for rights and became one of the constitutional documents establishing a constitutional monarchy in Britain. In 1154, Henry succeeded to the throne of England as Henry II, becoming the first king of the Plantagenet Dynasty. Henry II's father was Joforoy, Count of Anjou in France, and his mother was Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. When he became King of England, Henry II also owned the Duchy of Normandy, the Earl of Anjou, and the Duchy of Aquitaine brought by his wife Eleanor (the ex-wife of King Louis VII of France at the time), so the land of the Kingdom of England spanned both sides of the English Channel. In 1189, Henry II's second son, Richard (later known as "Richard the Lionheart"), succeeded to the throne. But unlike his father, Richard spent most of his time on English affairs and did not spend long in England. Instead, Richard participated in the Third Crusade and defeated the Muslim army. In 1199, Richard was injured in battle and died young. Richard's younger brother John was the fourth son of Henry II. Previously, because all the French territories had been granted to his older brothers, John had no fief to grant, so he was also called the "Landless King". Due to the early death of Richard and the death of his other brothers, John, the "Landless King", succeeded to the throne in 1199 and became King of England. At this time, King Philip II of France (actually the half-brother of Richard and John, whose mother was Eleanor) wanted to regain the British king's territory in France. King John was so incompetent that he lost his English territories in France and lost his northern territories such as Normandy, Anjou, and Maine. John resisted poorly and was named "King of Lost Land". In July 1214, King John lost the Battle of Bouvin and was forced to pay compensation to France. Successive defeats made the English aristocrats very angry. On June 10, 1215, the British aristocrats gathered in London and held King John hostage. On June 15, King John was forced to sign the Barons Act proposed by the nobles. Four days later, the aristocrats renewed their loyalty to the British king. This bill is known as the Magna Carta. The main purpose of the Magna Carta was to restrict the expanding king's power since John's father Henry II and protect the rights and interests of feudal lords. The document decided that the king should convene a parliament, which would decide on taxes, and required that personal property freedoms and legal rights be guaranteed. After a period of repetition, in 1295, England held a parliament attended by representatives of all sectors of society. This system of participation and deliberation by representatives of all sectors of society was born in Britain, and early representative government was developed. The king was restricted and had to convene a parliament, thus developing a consultative decision-making mechanism.