459 years ago today, on September 5, 1566 (August 22, 1566 in the lunar calendar), Sultan of the Ottoman Turkish Empire Suleiman the Great passed away. Suleiman I KanuniSultan Süleyman (translated as Suleiman I, November 6, 1494-September 5/6/7, 1566) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (reigned from 1520 to 1566). He was the 10th and longest-serving sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He also served as the highest spiritual leader of Islam. Due to Suleiman I's martial arts skills, he was widely known as Suleiman the Great in the West. He slammed, destroyed and destroyed everything in the way-foreign envoys commented on the Ottoman Turkish Empire, where Suleiman the Great occupied the throat of the mainland, and had a history of more than 600 years. Its long years can be divided into two parts: from the founding of the People's Republic to the era of Suleiman the Great, it was a rising stage, and then it was a declining stage. Suleiman the Great, on the other hand, was an outstanding emperor who stood at the highest peak of the empire and "smashed, destroyed and destroyed everything that was in power." It is the 10th generation since the Ottoman Empire passed down to Suleiman I. His nine predecessors all spent their lives in the army and horses, building a huge empire spanning three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe in the bloody process. Suleiman, who inherited his huge ancestral heritage, was also a warlike and war-fighting king, but he also had two obvious differences from his predecessors: most of the sultans before him ascended the throne in fierce battles with his brothers, and most of them appeared to be more domineering and less generous. As the only child, Suleiman, his succession was expected by everyone, and he was filled with a sense of tolerance, magnanimity and tranquility; His predecessors were outstanding in martial arts, but most of them lacked merit in civil governance. Suleiman, while conquering the world and expanding his territory, also made great achievements in civil governance. Suleiman is worthy of being the ideal monarch of a great country in its heyday. Although Suleiman was an only child, he was not pampered. Instead, he received the strict training that an heir to the throne should have since childhood. His father, Serim I, was a talented Righteous King who nearly doubled the territory of the Ottoman Empire during his eight years in office. When his father was away on war, Suleiman presided over the government. In 1520, Sherim I died, and 26-year-old Suleiman succeeded to the throne. As a descendant of the Ottoman Empire, he must first rely on outstanding achievements to establish prestige. Suleiman knew this well. Just over a year after taking office, Suleiman sent 100,000 troops north and captured Belgrade. Belgrade is located in the heart of the Balkans and has always been under Hungarian control. By seizing this fortress, you gained an outpost into the heart of Europe. Suleiman's battle to establish his prestige also included the capture of Rhodes. Rhode Island was a nail stuck between Asia Minor and Egypt, the new territory of the Empire, and must be removed. However, the knights occupying the island had high tactical literacy. Suleiman's 100,000 army besieged the more than 6000 defenders on the island. It took nine months to capture it, and he watched helplessly as the island's knights withdraw gracefully. Although the process was not smooth, the goal was finally achieved. However, from the beginning of this war, the Ottoman Empire was involved in a complex relationship with the pirates in the Mediterranean Sea. The pirate organization provided a lot of help to the empire and also brought a lot of trouble. Suleiman was determined to stab his sword into the heart of Christian Europe. In 1526, Hungary was invaded and its main force was wiped out. King Louis II of Hungary was killed in battle. This "Christian Shield" has since entered the sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire. Using this as a springboard, Vienna was attacked twice in 1529 and 1532. However, the Ottoman Empire did not lose its vitality and occupied most of Hungary. Suleiman's expansion can be divided into three parts: Asia, Africa and Europe. In Asia, his opponent was Dahmasp I of the Persian Safavid Dynasty. This man was no ordinary person. The two sides engaged in a protracted war of occupation and reached a series of peace discussions. After all, Suleiman, who was backed by stronger national strength, gained the upper hand in this battle and seized the southern part of the Two River Basin (including Baghdad), most of Armenia, and part of Georgia from Persia. In Africa, Suleiman used naval power and with the support of Mediterranean pirate groups to seize Tripoli and Algiers and destroy the Akadwad Dynasty supported by the Spanish. Suleiman continued to employ the famous pirate "Yellow-bearded" Heirdin to build the navy, which developed rapidly. In 1538 and 1541, he defeated the joint fleets of Spain, Venice and other countries. These are the military achievements of Suleiman, the king of thunder and lightning. Suleiman was passed down to future generations as a "legislator", and his civil governance was even better. Codes promulgated during the Suleiman era include the "Group River Collection", the "Egyptian Code" and the "Suleiman Code". Before him, codes had been promulgated under Mehmed II (reigned 1451-1481), but Suleiman's code was more complete in all respects, based on classical Islamic law and absorbed the traditional laws of the conquered peoples. The most commendable of Suleiman's ruling strategies was the development of "Milete". "Miltete" means non-Muslim religious groups and clans. After conquering such a vast land, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire were confused about how to govern so many nations with very different religious, cultural and customs. Suleiman finally established the basic national policy of nationality and religion, allowing pagan nations to enjoy certain internal autonomy while supporting the unity of the empire and undertaking various obligations. Maintain local spoken and written languages and religious education institutions. In Suleiman's era, the "Millet" in the empire included Catholics, Orthodox Churches, and Jewish Gregorians. While there were waves of persecution of infidels in Western Europe, Suleiman's empire showed the bearing of a great country and accepted a large number of Jews. In the Suleiman era, under the leadership of the tireless architect Sinan, the empire's architectural achievements reached their peak. One of the classics was the famous Suleiman Mosque. Suleiman actively encouraged the development of literature, art, education and other aspects, and he himself also left behind the book "War Days Record". However, although the empire of Suleiman's era seemed so perfect and healthy, not long after his death, this giant began to fall out of date until it finally became a "sick man of West Asia" that was slaughtered by others. It may be possible to intercept some information in Suleiman's code to explain this phenomenon. A large number of farmers are fixed on state-owned land or the fiefs of feudal lords. They are not allowed to migrate without permission, nor are they allowed to enter cities to engage in handicrafts. Heavy taxes are imposed on commerce and a closed guild monopoly system are implemented, which are not conducive to industry and commerce. Long-term development. Of course, the Ottoman Empire, like most Asian countries, was hampered by overly strong and stubborn traditions, which cannot be blamed solely on Suleiman or several emperors. Suleiman the Great pushed the Ottoman Empire to the peak in all aspects, but he only followed in the footsteps of his predecessor in terms of territorial expansion and legal policy, lacking original achievements. It is more appropriate to rank him in the middle of this ranking, close to Trajan and Basil II. His ranking was slightly higher than the latter two, mainly because of this: the bullishness of the Ottoman Empire and the sense of panic that Suleiman added to the Christian world in Western Europe prompted Western Europeans to accelerate the exploration of new maritime routes around the Middle East and overseas exploration activities. Comments: Ten consecutive generations of rulers of the Ottoman Empire before Suleiman have achieved brilliant achievements. The rising stage of the empire that lasted for more than 200 years is unprecedented in history. Suleiman is also a generation of heroes trained by the effective Ottoman training model and competition mechanism. But since he began, the training mechanism of the Ottoman Empire began to fall out of date, which also reflected that contemporary Europe was undergoing radical changes.