52 years ago today, October 6, 1973 (September 11, 1973 in the lunar calendar), the fourth Middle East War broke out. Israeli troops advanced towards Damascus. On October 6, 1973, Israel was suddenly attacked by Egypt and Syria, and this first wave of attacks was quickly reinforced by reinforcements from Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Both opposing sides were fully armed by a superpower: the Israeli Air Force suffered heavy losses from strikes by Soviet-supplied Sam missiles, but American and British tanks prevailed in the decisive desert encounter. This war originated from the limited war concept put forward by Egyptian President Sadat. He believes that as long as the Egyptian army can seize 10 centimeters of land on the Sinai Peninsula and stand firm, it can change the attitude of the United States and the Soviet Union towards the Arab-Israeli dispute, force Israel to accept negotiations, and break the deadlock. The Egyptian Army Command formulated the "Operation Badr" plan based on Sadat's vision and started consultations with Syria to form a joint command to launch an attack on Israel on October 6, 1973. This day is the beginning of Muslim Lent and also the Day of Kippur for Jews. This plan has the support of Arab oil-producing countries. At the beginning of the war, Egypt concentrated 80,000 troops, 300 aircraft, and 4000 artillery and rocket launchers to attack Israeli positions on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Then, 8000 commandos used rubber boats to cross the canal, used high-pressure faucets to open channels on the east bank sand, and laid pontoon bridges. The two army groups quickly crossed the canal. After 10 hours of fighting, they broke through the 160-kilometer-long "Balev Line" and advanced deep into the Sinai Peninsula. As of January 19, Egyptian troops controlled an area of 12 to 20 kilometers. Syria troops also recovered part of the Golan Heights with the assistance of Iraq, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia troops. At the same time, Palestinian guerrillas have made frequent attacks in the occupied areas, attacking Israeli supply bases, transportation routes and military installations. Arab countries have given strong solidarity and support to this. Nine countries including Algeria sent air forces and armies to the front line to cooperate in the fight. Oil-producing countries such as Saudi Arabia provided US$2.2 billion in aid to Egypt and Syria, and attacked the United States and other Western countries through measures such as oil embargoes and price increases. In the face of military defeat, Israel asked the United States to intervene while conducting emergency mobilization across the country. The United States has built an "air bridge" to rush weapons and equipment to Israel. Within five days after the war broke out, the United States provided $130 million in military aid to Israel. The Soviet Union, worried about the escalation of the war, urged a ceasefire in Egypt and Syria. On October 16, Kosygin flew to Cairo for talks with Sadat, claiming that Soviet arms shipments to Egypt would cease unless there was a ceasefire. At the same time, the Soviet Union put pressure on Syria, threatening to evacuate Soviet missile technicians in Syria. On October 21, the United States and the Soviet Union submitted a motion to the United Nations Security Council, calling for an on-site ceasefire and the establishment of a "just and lasting peace." But similar to the situation during the first Middle East War, the mediation between the United States and the Soviet Union and the United Nations "ceasefire resolution" gave Israel a chance to breathe and redeploy its forces. On January 10, Israel began its counterattack. It first concentrated its efforts on attacking the Syria army on the northern line, recapturing lost territory in the Golan Heights, and then crossed the pre-war line and occupied more than 700 square kilometers of Syria territory. After stabilizing the northern line, the Israeli army concentrated its forces on the southern line to counterattack Egypt. On October 14, Egypt and Israel fought fiercely in Sinai, and the Egyptian army was forced to withdraw after losing 264 tanks. On the evening of the 15th, Israeli troops smuggled into the canal and entered the Egyptian rear, occupying more than 1000 square kilometers of land, forming a siege to the Egyptian Third Army and threatening Cairo. At this time, Egypt and Syria announced their acceptance of the ceasefire. Although Israel verbally accepted the ceasefire, it still advanced westward and shrank its encirclement of the Egyptian Third Army. The ceasefire was achieved only when the Security Council passed a resolution on January 25 on sending a United Nations emergency force to the Middle East. In the Fourth Middle East War, the Arab countries invested a total of about 400,000 troops, 100,000 more than Israel (300,000 troops), but it ultimately failed. The Arab side killed and captured 21,000 people (10,000 Israeli casualties), lost 2000 tanks (800 Israeli), and lost 450 aircraft (150 Israeli). During the war, Egypt recovered 3000 square kilometers of land on the Sinai Peninsula, but Israel occupied 1900 square kilometers on the west bank of the canal. Not only was the Syria Golan Heights not recovered, it was also occupied by 770 square kilometers. Since then, under international mediation, Israel returned 633 square kilometers of land to Syria. Including Kunetra, the capital of the Golan Heights. The war severely undermined the nascent atmosphere of détente that had developed in the United States and the Soviet Union. Brezhnev even threatened to take "unilateral action," and the United States also ordered its troops to be on alert. Israeli soldiers are escorting a Syria prisoner of war President Sadat inspects the Egyptian army's forward positions before the outbreak of war Israeli machine gun posts Israeli centurion tanks have penetrated the Syria Golan Heights defense line