On this day, 623 years ago, July 17, 1402 (June 17, 1402, the lunar calendar), why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang pass the throne to the "general" Zhu Di? After Zhu Di launched the Battle of Jingnan, he took the throne and ascended the throne. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1360 - 1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty. Born in Yingtian, he fought in current affairs and was granted the title of King Yan. He commanded the seventh and eighth Northern Expedition of the Hongwu Dynasty and achieved a great victory. Later, he launched the Battle of Jingnan and attacked his nephew Jianwen. In 1402, he took the throne and became the emperor, changing the title to Yongle. He was famous in culture and martial arts throughout his life. However, he was suspicious and easy to kill, and killed many loyal officials of Emperor Jianwen after the Battle of Jingnan. After her death, 16 concubines were forced to be buried. Battle of Jingnan: In order to prevent aggression, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, usurped power and seized power, twice granted his sons as vassal kings during his reign. The vassal kings each had heavy troops and guarded one side, among which the kings of Qin, Jin, Yan, and Ning were the strongest. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), Prince Zhu Biao passed away from illness. Zhu Yunwen, who was succeeded as the emperor's great-grandson, was deeply worried about the great situation of the kings. In Hongwu's later years, all the meritorious officials and generals were killed, and the northern military was ruled by various kings. Soon, Zhu Di, King of Qin, and Zhu Di, King of Jin, died one after another. Zhu Di, King of Yan, Zhu Di, King of Zhou, and the kings of Qi and Dai all supported their troops and respected themselves. They committed many illegal activities, leaving the court in danger. Therefore, after Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne in 1399, he secretly discussed with Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and others to cut the vassal. Due to the situation of the King of Yan, the king of Yan started with the king of Zhou, his brother, the king of Zhou, and the kings of Zhou, Dai, Min, Xiang and Qi successively cut off and seized the vassals. The king of Xiang burned himself, and the rest were deposed to common people. In order to capture King Yan, Zhu Yunwen ordered Zhang Wei to serve as the governor of Peiping, Xie Gui and Zhang Xin were in charge of the command department of Peiping. Xie Gui controlled Peiping (now Beijing), and Commanders Song Zhong, Xu Kai, and Geng Wei to station troops in Kaiping, Linqing, and Shanhaiguan areas. They also dispatched and inspected Yanfu guard soldiers to strengthen anti-Yan measures. In June of the first year of Jianwen, Qi Tai sent Deng Yong, the envoy of Yan, to prison for interrogation. After receiving the accusation that the King of Yan would raise troops to rebel, he sent troops to arrest the officials of Yan Prefecture and secretly ordered Zhang Xin to arrest the King of Yan. Zhang Xin was an old subordinate of the King of Yan, so he surrendered to Yan at this time, and Zhu Di immediately prepared for it. In July, Zhu Di used a plot to capture and kill Zhang Wei and Xie Gui (pretending to be crazy to paralyze the two), and ordered Zhang Yu and Zhu Neng, the guards of the Yan Mansion, to lead their troops to attack and seize the Jiumen of Peiping at night, and then occupied Peiping. Later, in the name of respecting the teachings of his ancestors and killing the "traitors" Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, and serving the country's "Jingnan", he vowed to go to war. At the beginning of the war, many generals in the north surrendered to Yan and followed the battle because most of the former subordinates of King Yan. The Yan army successively captured Tongzhou, Jizhou, Huairou and other cities, and Song Zhong and others died in battle. In August, Zhu Yunwen appointed Geng Bingwen, the former general of Taizu (who was good at defense), as the general, and led 300,000 troops to attack Yan. The vanguard arrived in Xiong County and was attacked by the Yan army. All 9,000 people died in battle. The battle resumed in Zhending (now Zhengding, Hebei) and was defeated again. Zhu Yunwen then replaced Geng Bingwen with his nephew Li Jinglong, mobilized 500,000 troops to attack Yan, built Jiumen, and besieged Peiping. In October, Zhu Di personally led his elite cavalry to attack Daning, capturing King Zhu Quan of Ning and his concubine and heir, and obtained the cavalry of the Duoyan Three Guards (equivalent to mercenaries, all Mongolian cavalry, with extremely strong combat effectiveness). The number of troops increased sharply. Li Jinglong took advantage of the situation to attack Peiping, but he could not defeat it (Zhu Di's eldest son Zhu Gaochi guarded the city wall with ice, making it impossible for Li Jinglong to break the city). After returning from Daning, the Yan King's army defeated Li Jinglong's army in Zhengba. Zhu Yunwen was forced to dismiss Qi Tai, Minister of the Ministry of War, and Huang Zicheng, Minister of Taichang Temple, to slow down the Yan army. In April of the second year of Jianwen, the two sides fought again on the Baigou River. Li Jinglong was defeated again, and the Yan army took advantage of the victory to besiege Jinan. Shandong participated in politics and defended Jinan and waited for trouble. The Yan army could not attack for a long time and was defeated. In September, the court promoted Xuan to Shandong Municipal Envoy and changed the order to Sheng Yong to replace Li Jinglong. In December, Sheng Yong led his division to battle the Yan army in Dongchang (now Liaocheng, Shandong). The Yan army was defeated and the general Zhang Yu died. Emperor Jianwen restored the positions of Qi and Huang in three years. In February, the Yan army went south again. In March, Sheng Yong was defeated in the Hutuo River, and Wu Jie and Gaocheng were defeated. In the name of banishing Qi and Huang, Zhu Yunwen sent them out to recruit troops to serve the king. At that time, although the Yan army had many victories, they suffered heavy losses, and the court's army had a wide source. The cities captured by the Yan army in Hebei and Shandong were occupied by the court soldiers after they returned. At the end of the same year, an internal minister whistled from the capital. Zhu Di knew that Nanjing was empty and could be planned, so he decided to change his strategy and led his division south in the first month of the fourth year. In April, He Fu and Ping 'an Division were defeated successively, and in May, Sizhou and Yangzhou were captured. Emperor Jianwen sent Princess Qingcheng to the Yan army and begged to cede territory and seek peace, but the King of Yan refused. In June, Chen Xuan, the governor of the Yangtze River Defense Force, surrendered to Yan with his ship. The Yan army crossed the river and descended into Zhenjiang, heading straight for Nanjing. Gu Wang Zhu and Li Jinglong opened the Jinchuan Gate to surrender to Yan. Nanjing fell and a fire broke out in the palace. Zhu Yunwen did not know where to go. After Zhu Di captured Nanjing, after refusing several days of repeated persuasion from his supporters, he became emperor on July 17, 1402 (June 17th, the fourth year of Jianwen in the Ming Dynasty), but he did not inherit the throne of Zhu Yunwen, but inherited the throne of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty (abolished the Jianwen Year title, renamed the 4th year of Jianwen to the 35th year of Hongwu). He ordered more than 50 Jianwen courtiers, including Dasuo Qitai and Huang Zicheng, to name them as traitors and implement the method of family execution. All clansmen, regardless of their elders, were beheaded, their wives and daughters were sent to the Ministry of Education (to serve as prostitutes), and all their relatives were stationed in the border. Zhu Di also ordered the restoration of all the established laws and official systems formulated by Emperor Taizu that Jianwen had changed to show that the purpose of raising the army was to restore the ancestral teachings. Historical Comment: The Battle of Jingnan was the inevitable result of the increasingly intensified struggle over imperial power in the early Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was very ambitious, suspicious and easy to kill, and his hands were covered with blood. However, during his reign, he improved the political system, developed the economy, opened up territory, moved the capital to Beijing, compiled the "Yongle Ceremony", and sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean, bringing the Ming Dynasty to its peak. The rule of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty was called the "Yongle Prosperity". It can be said that the emperor Zhu Di made is qualified. Extended reading: Why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang pass the throne to "general" Zhu Di? Extended reading: Why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang pass the throne to "general" Zhu Di? Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, had 26 sons, but not many were successful. The more he became worried in his later years-who will sit on such a large country after I die? The eldest son, Zhu Biao, is of course the most suitable candidate. Zhu Biao is said to be the biological daughter of Queen Ma. As soon as Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he gave Queen Ma a "reassurance" and appointed 13-year-old Zhu Biao as the crown prince, the future national leader. He was worthy of this strange woman who helped each other. Zhu Yuanzhang hired Zhejiang celebrity Song Lian and others as the prince's teachers, hoping to cultivate Zhu Biao into a qualified successor. After 25 years of careful cultivation, Zhu Biao is 38 years old and has the ability to inherit his father's position, but Zhu Biao's body cannot withstand it. In January 1392, after Zhu Biao returned from an inspection in Shaanxi, he developed a large sarcoma on his body, which was so tortured that he could not sleep or eat well and was extremely painful. Zhu Biao's eldest son, Zhu Xiongying, died 10 years ago, and he relied entirely on his second son, Zhu Yunwen, to serve his father. Zhu Yunwen was only 14 years old and stayed by his father's side day and night. At least he was a filial son who "touched China" in 1392. He is a tilted head, and Zhu Yuanzhang nicknamed him "Half Moon". Zhu Yunwen lived in a deep palace since childhood and grew up among intellectuals. He was knowledgeable and convinced by virtue. But he has a gentle character, a soft heart, a thick face, and a dark heart. Zhu Biao was ill for 4 months-unfortunately, he died prematurely, but Zhu Biao still died prematurely. For the diligent old emperor, this was an extremely rare event, not an ordinary pain of losing a son-without a successor, what would happen to the fate of the entire empire? So big a general with heavy troops, how can he control it? This incident tortured the old emperor, but he did not go to court for 28 days. Zhu Yunwen took good care of his three young brothers, and Zhu Yuanzhang saw all this. Zhu Yuanzhang had to choose a new successor. The kings of Zhou, Jin, Yan, etc. all had ambitions. The King of Qin was absurd and was like a pile of mud that couldn't be supported by the wall, and his royal title was almost abolished. The King of Jin appeared cruel and broke the law and discipline, but he was essentially a coward. The King of Lu was a big fool. In order to live a long life, he ate pills indiscriminately and blinded his eyes. Some of the other princes committed murders, some were addicted to alcohol and sex, and a few of them were artists who were skillful in writing and had no political experience. The old emperor let out a long sigh. Now, only the four sons, Zhu Di, King of Yan, and Zhu Biao's second son, Zhu Yunwen, are left. Zhu Yuanzhang had complex feelings for Zhu Yunwen, and was both happy and worried about his gentle character: Can his weak shoulders shoulder the important task of governing the country? So gentle, like a rabbit. What a big flaw. To be an emperor, one must have the tough character of a lion or a tiger, otherwise one will definitely be eaten by lions and tigers in politics. Zhu Yuanzhang once quietly consulted his ministers for their opinions on the issue of establishing a prince. He asked Liu Sanwu, a scholar of the Imperial Academy: "The Prince is dead, and the eldest grandson of the Emperor (Zhu Yunwen) is young and insensible. To govern the country, we must choose the right people. How about I want King Yan to take over?" Liu Sanwu is an intellectual. If you ask him who will be the heir, of course he only recommends his own kind. His head shook like a rattle drum: "It is absolutely impossible to establish the King of Yan! If King Yan is established, what will happen to the King of Qin and King Jin? Zhu Yun, the eldest grandson of the emperor, returns to the world. Everyone supports him, so you can sleep in peace." Civil officials supported Zhu Yunwen because he was a literati, a filial son and a good person. After taking office, he could implement civilized and virtuous governance rather than a military-style high-pressure dictatorship. Zhu Yuanzhang's rule was too fierce, and officials secretly complained. The people lived in dire straits, and no one could endure it for a long time. The country objectively needed a gentle and benevolent emperor to let the people rest and catch their breath. Zhu Yunwen is very filial. In the struggle for the throne,"filial piety" is the secret weapon to seize the right to inherit the throne. Therefore, Zhu Yunwen must carry out "filial piety" to the end. Zhu Yuanzhang appreciated the "martial arts" of his fourth son Zhu Di. Zhu Yuanzhang really appreciated the fourth son Zhu Di very much, especially his "martial arts". This is a special advantage that Zhu Yunwen does not have. Zhu Di grew up smelling the smoke of war. He was born in Nanjing on April 17, 1360, the year when Chen Youliang launched a large-scale attack on Nanjing. He was granted the title of King Yan at the age of 11, married Xu Da's eldest daughter at the age of 17, and became a vassal of Peiping at the age of 20. Zhu Di's talents are not inferior to Zhu Yuanzhang's. He can shoot large eagles with a bow. He especially likes to fight, is resourceful and knows how to win battles. As a rare warrior and intelligent figure, Zhu Di can be described as a generation of "war gods." He is now 33 years old and in his youth. In terms of talent and mind, Zhu Di is better than Zhu Yunwen. Once, everyone was watching horse racing in the palace. Zhu Yuanzhang wrote the first couplet: "The wind blows the horse-tail thousands of lines. "Zhu Yunwen had no experience in fighting, and what he saw was only ordinary trivial matters. He tried his best to come up with the idea of" Rain beats wool into a felt ". It was soft and tasteless. Zhu Di had seen the world and skillfully faced "Sunshine Dragon Scales Thousands of Points of Gold" with great courage, which made Zhu Yuanzhang very happy. King Zhu Di of Yan became a vassal in Peiping, making him the leader of all the vassal kings. He and King Ning, King Jin, King Su, and King Qin sealed the country along the Great Wall, guarding the border for the emperor and resisting the encroachment of the Mongols in the north, and was known as King Sai. Zhu Yuanzhang allowed them to have 3000 guards, with a maximum of 19,000 people. The King of Yan, the King of Jin, and the King of Qin were the strongest. They had been ordered to attack Mongolia many times. Even generals like Fu Youde and Lan Yu had to obey the command of the King of Sai. In particular, Zhu Di, King of Yan, had the important responsibility of controlling the northern gate. He could directly command an army of up to 300,000 people. He decided on matters big and small in the army himself, and only major matters were reported to Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1390, a battle made Zhu Di, who was only 30 years old, famous. Just after New Year's Day that year, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the King of Yan and the King of Jin to divide their troops and attack together to defeat the Prime Minister of the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Di first sent several sentries to investigate and find out the exact location of Naier Buhua. In March, there was heavy snow in the world, and thousands of miles of wasteland were covered in silver. It was very difficult for horses, horses and baggage to travel, and the soldiers were shivering from the cold. The generals asked the King of Yan to set up camp and think of a solution until the blizzard passed. Zhu Di said: "The fighter plane is right in front of you. Why can't you see it? This is a great time to surprise you!" He ordered the army to advance quickly against the wind and snow. When the army appeared in front of Nai 'er Buhua, he was still warming himself in the tent. Zhu Di surrounded him but did not destroy him, and sent Nai 'er Buhua's good friend and surrender general Guan Tong to persuade him to surrender. Naier Buhua knew that it was an egg hitting a stone, so she had to surrender. Zhu Di set up a banquet and drank the wine very well. Nai 'er Buhua was moved to tears and took the initiative to persuade him to surrender. Zhu Di made his first large-scale expedition and won a victory without bloodshed. Zhu Yuanzhang was very happy. He rewarded him with 1 million ingots of precious banknotes and praised Zhu Di: It's all up to you to clear the Mongols in the desert! On the other hand, the King of Jin was naturally timid. As soon as he set foot on the land where Genghis Khan fought, his legs became weak. He walked and stopped. He did not dare to go deep into the hinterland of Mongolia and could not even hit a rabbit. Zhu Di's blood brings trouble. Zhu Di and Zhu Yuanzhang are of the same kind. They are talented and bold. They are better than Zhu Yunwen in all aspects and are more suitable to be an emperor. However, his blood brought him big trouble. Is he really a dragon son? Of course, the mountains and rivers can only be handed over to their own flesh and blood. They must be purebred dragons, which means they were born to Queen Ma. The system of direct primogeniture has lasted for thousands of years in China, and Zhu Yuanzhang could not escape this box. Zhu Di may not have been born to Queen Ma, so Zhu Yuanzhang would not have chosen Zhu Di to succeed him. Zhu Di may have been born to a concubine, or this concubine may have been a minority. It may be Korean. Many people don't know whether they are a Korean ethnic group in the north or are from the Korean Peninsula. Others claim that Zhu Di's mother was the concubine of Emperor Yuan Shun, and may even be Mongolian. According to records from Taichang Temple, the official institution that manages ancestral temple sacrifices, rituals and music (now lost), Shu Consort Li gave birth to Zhu Biao, the King of Qin and the King of Jin, and had nothing to do with Queen Ma. Another concubine gave birth to Zhu Di, and this concubine was Consort Shiye. After Zhu Di proclaimed himself emperor, he compiled and revised the "Record of Taizu" and compiled all available information, desperately proving that he was born of Empress Ma. He also produced a lot of evidence to prove that he was legal as emperor and that Zhu Yuanzhang intended to pass the throne to him. And a historical data from North Korea is enough to expose Zhu Di's lies. In 1389, the Korean envoy Quan Jin and others paid homage to the King of Yan in Peiping. After returning to China, they wrote a book "Feng Shi Lu". It said that he went to Yan Mansion in Beijing to meet the King of Yan, but unfortunately, that day was the 15th of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, the anniversary of the death of Yan's mother, and the King of Yan did not see guests. Queen Ma passed away on the 10th of August, so Zhu Di was not Queen Ma's biological daughter. Zhu Yuanzhang made a difficult decision: to make 16-year-old Zhu Yunwen the eldest grandson of the emperor, and only the eldest son would inherit the throne would everyone support it. Zhu Di was not Queen Ma's biological son, so after weighing it up, Zhu Yuanzhang made an extremely difficult decision: to make 16-year-old Zhu Yunwen the emperor's great-grandson. This made Zhu Di very angry and very dissatisfied. Once, he patted the back of the emperor's eldest grandson Zhu Yunwen and said sarcastically: "I didn't expect my nephew to have today's glory!" This scene happened to be seen by Zhu Yuanzhang and asked Zhu Di sternly: How dare you be so rude to the emperor's eldest grandson? Zhu Yunwen hurriedly tried to smooth things over so as not to embarrass Zhu Di. In the second year after the establishment of the emperor's great-grandson, Zhu Yuanzhang was still worried that Zhu Yunwen was too weak to hold back and control the army, so he began to kill the heroes, and the Lanyu and Hu Weiyong groups were purged one after another. From a historical perspective, Zhu Yuanzhang's original choice was a mistake. If Zhu Di had been elected emperor, there would have been no civil war that lasted for four years. But history does not believe in morality or tears. It only believes in strength. Zhu Di launched a war and ousted Zhu Yunwen from office and replaced him. In order to erase the image of usurping power and prevent people from unstable in the world, Zhu Di lied desperately to prove that he was the biological son of Queen Ma. Referring to "horse" as its mother, it is a last resort... According to Reference DigestOn this day, 623 years ago, July 17, 1402 (June 17, 1402, the lunar calendar), why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang pass the throne to the "general" Zhu Di? After Zhu Di launched the Battle of Jingnan, he took the throne and ascended the throne. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1360 - 1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty. Born in Yingtian, he fought in current affairs and was granted the title of King Yan. He commanded the seventh and eighth Northern Expedition of the Hongwu Dynasty and achieved a great victory. Later, he launched the Battle of Jingnan and attacked his nephew Jianwen. In 1402, he took the throne and became the emperor, changing the title to Yongle. He was famous in culture and martial arts throughout his life. However, he was suspicious and easy to kill, and killed many loyal officials of Emperor Jianwen after the Battle of Jingnan. After her death, 16 concubines were forced to be buried. Battle of Jingnan: In order to prevent aggression, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, usurped power and seized power, twice granted his sons as vassal kings during his reign. The vassal kings each had heavy troops and guarded one side, among which the kings of Qin, Jin, Yan, and Ning were the strongest. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), Prince Zhu Biao passed away from illness. Zhu Yunwen, who was succeeded as the emperor's great-grandson, was deeply worried about the great situation of the kings. In Hongwu's later years, all the meritorious officials and generals were killed, and the northern military was ruled by various kings. Soon, Zhu Di, King of Qin, and Zhu Di, King of Jin, died one after another. Zhu Di, King of Yan, Zhu Di, King of Zhou, and the kings of Qi and Dai all supported their troops and respected themselves. They committed many illegal activities, leaving the court in danger. Therefore, after Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne in 1399, he secretly discussed with Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and others to cut the vassal. Due to the situation of the King of Yan, the king of Yan started with the king of Zhou, his brother, the king of Zhou, and the kings of Zhou, Dai, Min, Xiang and Qi successively cut off and seized the vassals. The king of Xiang burned himself, and the rest were deposed to common people. In order to capture King Yan, Zhu Yunwen ordered Zhang Wei to serve as the governor of Peiping, Xie Gui and Zhang Xin were in charge of the command department of Peiping. Xie Gui controlled Peiping (now Beijing), and Commanders Song Zhong, Xu Kai, and Geng Wei to station troops in Kaiping, Linqing, and Shanhaiguan areas. They also dispatched and inspected Yanfu guard soldiers to strengthen anti-Yan measures. In June of the first year of Jianwen, Qi Tai sent Deng Yong, the envoy of Yan, to prison for interrogation. After receiving the accusation that the King of Yan would raise troops to rebel, he sent troops to arrest the officials of Yan Prefecture and secretly ordered Zhang Xin to arrest the King of Yan. Zhang Xin was an old subordinate of the King of Yan, so he surrendered to Yan at this time, and Zhu Di immediately prepared for it. In July, Zhu Di used a plot to capture and kill Zhang Wei and Xie Gui (pretending to be crazy to paralyze the two), and ordered Zhang Yu and Zhu Neng, the guards of the Yan Mansion, to lead their troops to attack and seize the Jiumen of Peiping at night, and then occupied Peiping. Later, in the name of respecting the teachings of his ancestors and killing the "traitors" Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, and serving the country's "Jingnan", he vowed to go to war. At the beginning of the war, many generals in the north surrendered to Yan and followed the battle because most of the former subordinates of King Yan. The Yan army successively captured Tongzhou, Jizhou, Huairou and other cities, and Song Zhong and others died in battle. In August, Zhu Yunwen appointed Geng Bingwen, the former general of Taizu (who was good at defense), as the general, and led 300,000 troops to attack Yan. The vanguard arrived in Xiong County and was attacked by the Yan army. All 9,000 people died in battle. The battle resumed in Zhending (now Zhengding, Hebei) and was defeated again. Zhu Yunwen then replaced Geng Bingwen with his nephew Li Jinglong, mobilized 500,000 troops to attack Yan, built Jiumen, and besieged Peiping. In October, Zhu Di personally led his elite cavalry to attack Daning, capturing King Zhu Quan of Ning and his concubine and heir, and obtained the cavalry of the Duoyan Three Guards (equivalent to mercenaries, all Mongolian cavalry, with extremely strong combat effectiveness). The number of troops increased sharply. Li Jinglong took advantage of the situation to attack Peiping, but he could not defeat it (Zhu Di's eldest son Zhu Gaochi guarded the city wall with ice, making it impossible for Li Jinglong to break the city). After returning from Daning, the Yan King's army defeated Li Jinglong's army in Zhengba. Zhu Yunwen was forced to dismiss Qi Tai, Minister of the Ministry of War, and Huang Zicheng, Minister of Taichang Temple, to slow down the Yan army. In April of the second year of Jianwen, the two sides fought again on the Baigou River. Li Jinglong was defeated again, and the Yan army took advantage of the victory to besiege Jinan. Shandong participated in politics and defended Jinan and waited for trouble. The Yan army could not attack for a long time and was defeated. In September, the court promoted Xuan to Shandong Municipal Envoy and changed the order to Sheng Yong to replace Li Jinglong. In December, Sheng Yong led his division to battle the Yan army in Dongchang (now Liaocheng, Shandong). The Yan army was defeated and the general Zhang Yu died. Emperor Jianwen restored the positions of Qi and Huang in three years. In February, the Yan army went south again. In March, Sheng Yong was defeated in the Hutuo River, and Wu Jie and Gaocheng were defeated. In the name of banishing Qi and Huang, Zhu Yunwen sent them out to recruit troops to serve the king. At that time, although the Yan army had many victories, they suffered heavy losses, and the court's army had a wide source. The cities captured by the Yan army in Hebei and Shandong were occupied by the court soldiers after they returned. At the end of the same year, an internal minister whistled from the capital. Zhu Di knew that Nanjing was empty and could be planned, so he decided to change his strategy and led his division south in the first month of the fourth year. In April, He Fu and Ping 'an Division were defeated successively, and in May, Sizhou and Yangzhou were captured. Emperor Jianwen sent Princess Qingcheng to the Yan army and begged to cede territory and seek peace, but the King of Yan refused. In June, Chen Xuan, the governor of the Yangtze River Defense Force, surrendered to Yan with his ship. The Yan army crossed the river and descended into Zhenjiang, heading straight for Nanjing. Gu Wang Zhu and Li Jinglong opened the Jinchuan Gate to surrender to Yan. Nanjing fell and a fire broke out in the palace. Zhu Yunwen did not know where to go. After Zhu Di captured Nanjing, after refusing several days of repeated persuasion from his supporters, he became emperor on July 17, 1402 (June 17th, the fourth year of Jianwen in the Ming Dynasty), but he did not inherit the throne of Zhu Yunwen, but inherited the throne of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty (abolished the Jianwen Year title, renamed the 4th year of Jianwen to the 35th year of Hongwu). He ordered more than 50 Jianwen courtiers, including Dasuo Qitai and Huang Zicheng, to name them as traitors and implement the method of family execution. All clansmen, regardless of their elders, were beheaded, their wives and daughters were sent to the Ministry of Education (to serve as prostitutes), and all their relatives were stationed in the border. Zhu Di also ordered the restoration of all the established laws and official systems formulated by Emperor Taizu that Jianwen had changed to show that the purpose of raising the army was to restore the ancestral teachings. Historical Comment: The Battle of Jingnan was the inevitable result of the increasingly intensified struggle over imperial power in the early Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was very ambitious, suspicious and easy to kill, and his hands were covered with blood. However, during his reign, he improved the political system, developed the economy, opened up territory, moved the capital to Beijing, compiled the "Yongle Ceremony", and sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean, bringing the Ming Dynasty to its peak. The rule of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty was called the "Yongle Prosperity". It can be said that the emperor Zhu Di made is qualified. Extended reading: Why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang pass the throne to "general" Zhu Di? Extended reading: Why didn't Zhu Yuanzhang pass the throne to "general" Zhu Di? Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, had 26 sons, but not many were successful. The more he became worried in his later years-who will sit on such a large country after I die? The eldest son, Zhu Biao, is of course the most suitable candidate. Zhu Biao is said to be the biological daughter of Queen Ma. As soon as Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he gave Queen Ma a "reassurance" and appointed 13-year-old Zhu Biao as the crown prince, the future national leader. He was worthy of this strange woman who helped each other. Zhu Yuanzhang hired Zhejiang celebrity Song Lian and others as the prince's teachers, hoping to cultivate Zhu Biao into a qualified successor. After 25 years of careful cultivation, Zhu Biao is 38 years old and has the ability to inherit his father's position, but Zhu Biao's body cannot withstand it. In January 1392, after Zhu Biao returned from an inspection in Shaanxi, he developed a large sarcoma on his body, which was so tortured that he could not sleep or eat well and was extremely painful. Zhu Biao's eldest son, Zhu Xiongying, died 10 years ago, and he relied entirely on his second son, Zhu Yunwen, to serve his father. Zhu Yunwen was only 14 years old and stayed by his father's side day and night. At least he was a filial son who "touched China" in 1392. He is a tilted head, and Zhu Yuanzhang nicknamed him "Half Moon". Zhu Yunwen lived in a deep palace since childhood and grew up among intellectuals. He was knowledgeable and convinced by virtue. But he has a gentle character, a soft heart, a thick face, and a dark heart. Zhu Biao was ill for 4 months-unfortunately, he died prematurely, but Zhu Biao still died prematurely. For the diligent old emperor, this was an extremely rare event, not an ordinary pain of losing a son-without a successor, what would happen to the fate of the entire empire? So big a general with heavy troops, how can he control it? This incident tortured the old emperor, but he did not go to court for 28 days. Zhu Yunwen took good care of his three young brothers, and Zhu Yuanzhang saw all this. Zhu Yuanzhang had to choose a new successor. The kings of Zhou, Jin, Yan, etc. all had ambitions. The King of Qin was absurd and was like a pile of mud that couldn't be supported by the wall, and his royal title was almost abolished. The King of Jin appeared cruel and broke the law and discipline, but he was essentially a coward. The King of Lu was a big fool. In order to live a long life, he ate pills indiscriminately and blinded his eyes. Some of the other princes committed murders, some were addicted to alcohol and sex, and a few of them were artists who were skillful in writing and had no political experience. The old emperor let out a long sigh. Now, only the four sons, Zhu Di, King of Yan, and Zhu Biao's second son, Zhu Yunwen, are left. Zhu Yuanzhang had complex feelings for Zhu Yunwen, and was both happy and worried about his gentle character: Can his weak shoulders shoulder the important task of governing the country? So gentle, like a rabbit. What a big flaw. To be an emperor, one must have the tough character of a lion or a tiger, otherwise one will definitely be eaten by lions and tigers in politics. Zhu Yuanzhang once quietly consulted his ministers for their opinions on the issue of establishing a prince. He asked Liu Sanwu, a scholar of the Imperial Academy: "The Prince is dead, and the eldest grandson of the Emperor (Zhu Yunwen) is young and insensible. To govern the country, we must choose the right people. How about I want King Yan to take over?" Liu Sanwu is an intellectual. If you ask him who will be the heir, of course he only recommends his own kind. His head shook like a rattle drum: "It is absolutely impossible to establish the King of Yan! If King Yan is established, what will happen to the King of Qin and King Jin? Zhu Yun, the eldest grandson of the emperor, returns to the world. Everyone supports him, so you can sleep in peace." Civil officials supported Zhu Yunwen because he was a literati, a filial son and a good person. After taking office, he could implement civilized and virtuous governance rather than a military-style high-pressure dictatorship. Zhu Yuanzhang's rule was too fierce, and officials secretly complained. The people lived in dire straits, and no one could endure it for a long time. The country objectively needed a gentle and benevolent emperor to let the people rest and catch their breath. Zhu Yunwen is very filial. In the struggle for the throne,"filial piety" is the secret weapon to seize the right to inherit the throne. Therefore, Zhu Yunwen must carry out "filial piety" to the end. Zhu Yuanzhang appreciated the "martial arts" of his fourth son Zhu Di. Zhu Yuanzhang really appreciated the fourth son Zhu Di very much, especially his "martial arts". This is a special advantage that Zhu Yunwen does not have. Zhu Di grew up smelling the smoke of war. He was born in Nanjing on April 17, 1360, the year when Chen Youliang launched a large-scale attack on Nanjing. He was granted the title of King Yan at the age of 11, married Xu Da's eldest daughter at the age of 17, and became a vassal of Peiping at the age of 20. Zhu Di's talents are not inferior to Zhu Yuanzhang's. He can shoot large eagles with a bow. He especially likes to fight, is resourceful and knows how to win battles. As a rare warrior and intelligent figure, Zhu Di can be described as a generation of "war gods." He is now 33 years old and in his youth. In terms of talent and mind, Zhu Di is better than Zhu Yunwen. Once, everyone was watching horse racing in the palace. Zhu Yuanzhang wrote the first couplet: "The wind blows the horse-tail thousands of lines. "Zhu Yunwen had no experience in fighting, and what he saw was only ordinary trivial matters. He tried his best to come up with the idea of" Rain beats wool into a felt ". It was soft and tasteless. Zhu Di had seen the world and skillfully faced "Sunshine Dragon Scales Thousands of Points of Gold" with great courage, which made Zhu Yuanzhang very happy. King Zhu Di of Yan became a vassal in Peiping, making him the leader of all the vassal kings. He and King Ning, King Jin, King Su, and King Qin sealed the country along the Great Wall, guarding the border for the emperor and resisting the encroachment of the Mongols in the north, and was known as King Sai. Zhu Yuanzhang allowed them to have 3000 guards, with a maximum of 19,000 people. The King of Yan, the King of Jin, and the King of Qin were the strongest. They had been ordered to attack Mongolia many times. Even generals like Fu Youde and Lan Yu had to obey the command of the King of Sai. In particular, Zhu Di, King of Yan, had the important responsibility of controlling the northern gate. He could directly command an army of up to 300,000 people. He decided on matters big and small in the army himself, and only major matters were reported to Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1390, a battle made Zhu Di, who was only 30 years old, famous. Just after New Year's Day that year, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the King of Yan and the King of Jin to divide their troops and attack together to defeat the Prime Minister of the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Di first sent several sentries to investigate and find out the exact location of Naier Buhua. In March, there was heavy snow in the world, and thousands of miles of wasteland were covered in silver. It was very difficult for horses, horses and baggage to travel, and the soldiers were shivering from the cold. The generals asked the King of Yan to set up camp and think of a solution until the blizzard passed. Zhu Di said: "The fighter plane is right in front of you. Why can't you see it? This is a great time to surprise you!" He ordered the army to advance quickly against the wind and snow. When the army appeared in front of Nai 'er Buhua, he was still warming himself in the tent. Zhu Di surrounded him but did not destroy him, and sent Nai 'er Buhua's good friend and surrender general Guan Tong to persuade him to surrender. Naier Buhua knew that it was an egg hitting a stone, so she had to surrender. Zhu Di set up a banquet and drank the wine very well. Nai 'er Buhua was moved to tears and took the initiative to persuade him to surrender. Zhu Di made his first large-scale expedition and won a victory without bloodshed. Zhu Yuanzhang was very happy. He rewarded him with 1 million ingots of precious banknotes and praised Zhu Di: It's all up to you to clear the Mongols in the desert! On the other hand, the King of Jin was naturally timid. As soon as he set foot on the land where Genghis Khan fought, his legs became weak. He walked and stopped. He did not dare to go deep into the hinterland of Mongolia and could not even hit a rabbit. Zhu Di's blood brings trouble. Zhu Di and Zhu Yuanzhang are of the same kind. They are talented and bold. They are better than Zhu Yunwen in all aspects and are more suitable to be an emperor. However, his blood brought him big trouble. Is he really a dragon son? Of course, the mountains and rivers can only be handed over to their own flesh and blood. They must be purebred dragons, which means they were born to Queen Ma. The system of direct primogeniture has lasted for thousands of years in China, and Zhu Yuanzhang could not escape this box. Zhu Di may not have been born to Queen Ma, so Zhu Yuanzhang would not have chosen Zhu Di to succeed him. Zhu Di may have been born to a concubine, or this concubine may have been a minority. It may be Korean. Many people don't know whether they are a Korean ethnic group in the north or are from the Korean Peninsula. Others claim that Zhu Di's mother was the concubine of Emperor Yuan Shun, and may even be Mongolian. According to records from Taichang Temple, the official institution that manages ancestral temple sacrifices, rituals and music (now lost), Shu Consort Li gave birth to Zhu Biao, the King of Qin and the King of Jin, and had nothing to do with Queen Ma. Another concubine gave birth to Zhu Di, and this concubine was Consort Shiye. After Zhu Di proclaimed himself emperor, he compiled and revised the "Record of Taizu" and compiled all available information, desperately proving that he was born of Empress Ma. He also produced a lot of evidence to prove that he was legal as emperor and that Zhu Yuanzhang intended to pass the throne to him. And a historical data from North Korea is enough to expose Zhu Di's lies. In 1389, the Korean envoy Quan Jin and others paid homage to the King of Yan in Peiping. After returning to China, they wrote a book "Feng Shi Lu". It said that he went to Yan Mansion in Beijing to meet the King of Yan, but unfortunately, that day was the 15th of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, the anniversary of the death of Yan's mother, and the King of Yan did not see guests. Queen Ma passed away on the 10th of August, so Zhu Di was not Queen Ma's biological daughter. Zhu Yuanzhang made a difficult decision: to make 16-year-old Zhu Yunwen the eldest grandson of the emperor, and only the eldest son would inherit the throne would everyone support it. Zhu Di was not Queen Ma's biological son, so after weighing it up, Zhu Yuanzhang made an extremely difficult decision: to make 16-year-old Zhu Yunwen the emperor's great-grandson. This made Zhu Di very angry and very dissatisfied. Once, he patted the back of the emperor's eldest grandson Zhu Yunwen and said sarcastically: "I didn't expect my nephew to have today's glory!" This scene happened to be seen by Zhu Yuanzhang and asked Zhu Di sternly: How dare you be so rude to the emperor's eldest grandson? Zhu Yunwen hurriedly tried to smooth things over so as not to embarrass Zhu Di. In the second year after the establishment of the emperor's great-grandson, Zhu Yuanzhang was still worried that Zhu Yunwen was too weak to hold back and control the army, so he began to kill the heroes, and the Lanyu and Hu Weiyong groups were purged one after another. From a historical perspective, Zhu Yuanzhang's original choice was a mistake. If Zhu Di had been elected emperor, there would have been no civil war that lasted for four years. But history does not believe in morality or tears. It only believes in strength. Zhu Di launched a war and ousted Zhu Yunwen from office and replaced him. In order to erase the image of usurping power and prevent people from unstable in the world, Zhu Di lied desperately to prove that he was the biological son of Queen Ma. Referring to "horse" as its mother, it is a last resort... According to Reference Digest