On this day, 381 years ago, on June 6, 1644 (May 2, 1644, the Eighth Banner Army of the Qing Dynasty arrived in Beijing under the command of Prince Rui Dorgon. After Li Zicheng's defeat at Shanhaiguan, he retreated to Beijing. On June 3, 1644, Li Zicheng ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor in Wuying Hall. On June 4, Li Zicheng ordered the burning of the Forbidden City palaces and gates and towers, and led the Dashun Peasant Army to withdraw from Beijing. On June 5, the Eight Banners Army of the Qing Dynasty, under the command of Prince Dorgun, arrived at Tongzhou City east of Beijing. On June 6 (the second day of May 17th year of the Ming Dynasty), the Eight Banners Army entered Chaoyang Gate and entered the Forbidden City. Civil and military officials from the Ming Dynasty went out of the city 5 miles away and knelt to welcome Dorgon. Then, Dorgun ordered the Ministry of War to send a message to the world: Those who shave their hair and surrender will each be promoted to one level; therefore, those who submit to the Ming Dynasty will not be deprived of their titles; all Yamen officials will be hired as usual. On June 8, the Qing court ordered officials and people to mourn for Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty. Later, a tomb was built and a funeral was held for Siling. On June 11, King Fu Zhu Yousong ascended the throne in Nanjing. In October 1644, Aixinjueluo Fulin, the Shizu of the Qing Dynasty, made a memorial in Beijing to Tiandi Zongshe, that is, the throne of emperor."The name was Qing Dynasty, Dingding Yanjing, and the era was smooth." In March of the 17th year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty (1644), Li Zicheng led a peasant army to invade the capital. Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself in Meishan (now Jingshan) behind the Forbidden City, and the Ming Dynasty fell. Just as the peasant uprising reached its climax in the late Ming Dynasty, the Manchurian military group that rose in the white mountains and black waters was also eager to move. Manchuria is a descendant of the Jurchen nationality, whose name was changed to Manchuria in the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635). The Jurchen (Manchuria) established the Great Jin Dynasty in history and confronted the Southern Song Dynasty. Nurhachi built the eight-flag system based on the Nuzhen Niulu system. At the beginning, the Manchu people were divided into different flags. In the 29th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1601), four banners were built: Zhenghuang Banner, Zhenglan Flag, Zhengbai Banner, and Zhenghongqi Banner. In the forty-third year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1615), four flags were added: yellow flags, blue flags, red flags and white flags. It was determined that 300 people should be one Niulu, five Niulu should be one Jiala, and five Jiala should be one Gushan (Gushan is the flag). The Manchus were divided into each flag according to the eight-flag system, producing in peacetime and collecting in wartime. When it was first established, it not only played an important role in the military, but also had administrative and production functions. In 1616, after Nurhachi unified the various Jurchen tribes, he established the Later Jin Khanate in Hetuala (present-day Xinbinxi, Liaoning). In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619), the Eight Banners Army of the Later Jin Dynasty defeated the Ming Army in the Battle of Saerhu and seized more than 70 cities in Liaodong (present-day Liaoning). In the fifth year of Tianqi (1625), the Later Jin Dynasty moved the capital from Hetuala to Shenyang and renamed it "Shengjing". After Nur Hachi was killed by Yuan Chonghuan of Ming Dynasty in the Battle of Ningyuan (one said that he died of illness), his son Huang Taiji inherited the position of Khan. In April of the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), Huang Taiji claimed to be emperor, changed the country title to Qing Dynasty, and imitated the Ming Dynasty to establish political institutions one after another, east to Korea, west to Mongolia, increasingly powerful. In 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi of Qing Dynasty), Li Zicheng captured the capital and overthrew the Ming Dynasty. Manchuria decided to take advantage of the chaos to enter the pass on a large scale. In April, Qing regent Duoergun led the Eight Banners Army and Ming Commander Wu Sangui to defeat Li Zicheng's Dashun Army inside and outside Shanhaiguan. The victory of this battle began the Qing Dynasty to enter the Central Plains, conquer the Nanming government, Dashun, Daxi and other regimes, and establish rule throughout the country. On May 1 (June 6 in the Gregorian calendar), the Qing army entered the capital. Dorgen petitioned the six-year-old Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty to Aixinjue Luo to move his capital to the capital. The Qing Dynasty was able to seize the world, and the Eight Banners Army played a large role in it. During the period before and after the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass, the combat effectiveness of the Eight Banners Army was indeed very high. Before entering the Pass, the two flags of the eight flags, namely the Zhenghuang and the inlaid yellow, were directly commanded by the Khan (Emperor), and the other six flags were commanded by the Khan's sons and nephews. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), Dorgon died, and Emperor Shunzhi took charge of the government. He took over the Zhengbai Banner under Dorgon's jurisdiction and placed it under the command of the emperor, thus forming the Upper Third Banners and Lower Fifth Banners. The organization of the Eight Banners has multiple functions such as military, administrative and production. Before entering the Pass, the Eight Banner Soldiers were engaged in production labor in peacetime, and in wartime, they were recruited, and provided their own ordnance, food, and fodder. After entering the customs, the eight-banner standing army system and the salary system were established, and the eight-banner soldiers became professional soldiers. After the Qing Dynasty established Beijing as the capital, most of the Eight Banners soldiers were stationed near Beijing. The eight banners guarding the capital are stationed according to their positions. They are called the Eight Banners in Beijing, commonly known as the Beijing Banner, and are actually the Imperial Guards. In addition, some flag soldiers were dispatched to important cities and military locations across the country, known as the Eight Banners Garrison. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that the Baqi Camp was finally systematically distributed in key military locations across the country and was permanently stationed. Eight Banners have a complete system. For example, in the first year of Chongde (1636), the princes, princes, Baylor, Beizi, Duke Zhenguo, Duke Fuguo, General Zhenguo, General Fuguo, General Fuguo, and General Fengguo were established. The eight flags determine the household registration according to the color of the military flag. When the Qing Dynasty ruled the country, due to the war need to unify the country and to pacify anti-Qing struggles in various places, the eight banners of Manchuria developed rapidly. After that, as the Eight Banners became increasingly difficult to make a living, some Han troops used their flags to serve the people. Before the Qing army entered the Pass, the Manchurian Eight Banners soldiers had strong combat effectiveness. Otherwise, how could they defeat the more than one million troops of the Ming Dynasty? The children of the Eight Banners have practiced hard riding and shooting since childhood, and are brave and brave. Due to years of war, the children of the Eight Banners have always maintained the national custom of advocating martial arts. They practice bow and horse six times a month on the school ground, and concentrate on practicing horse and horse riding, shooting and firearms in the spring and autumn. Today's Dong 'an Market is the former site of the city's Eight Banners exercise. However, with the pacification of the country, the Eight Banner Soldiers regarded themselves as conquerors and became increasingly arrogant, privileged, and pampered. Due to their greed for enjoyment, their martial arts became increasingly barren. During the Tongzhi Period, the Eight Banner Soldiers completely lost their combat effectiveness and became a dandy who only sat on their salaries. Although the Qing Dynasty was invaded by the Anglo-French coalition forces during the Xianfeng period and reorganized the elite troops of the Eight Banners-the Divine Machines, it was still a drop in the bucket and to no avail. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners Army had long since relaxed its military and political affairs and regarded it as a regular year. Take the eight banners stationed in Suiyuan as an example. There are 20 banners, 2,000 vests, 700 infantry armour, and 63 banners. Among them, about 67 out of 10 are contaminated with opium. Such an army was naturally vulnerable to death. With no soldiers available, the Qing Emperor had no choice but to announce his abdication. The eight-banner system moved in 296 years from its official establishment to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty after the Revolution of 1911. It was an important military pillar for the Qing Dynasty to rule the country. It made important contributions to the development and consolidation of China's multi-ethnic unified country and to defend the border areas from foreign aggression. It played an indelible role in the development of Manchu society. With the evolution of history, the backward side of the eight-banner system has become increasingly obvious, seriously constraining the development of the Manchu people and playing a smaller and smaller role in the war. The eight-banner system was closely related to the destiny of the Qing Dynasty, and went through the entire historical process of prosperity to decline, and from decline to death.